Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CONCEPT OF MAN
MAN
Forms the foundation of Nursing
CONCEPT
Animals form a family by instinct Via hormonal scents
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL BEING
By Sister Calista Roy Man interacts with the environment
OPEN SYSTEM
By Martha Rogers Man interacts with the environment Exchanges matter with energy Exchanges energy with environment
UNIFIED WHOLE
By Martha Rogers Man is composed certain parts of
Total of those parts is more than the sum of all parts This is because man has attributes
HUMAN NEEDS
Needs are physiologic and psychologic. Both these needs must be met in order to maintain wellbeing.
KEY CONCEPT
Basic Human Needs are equivalent to COMMON NEEDS
CONCEPT
Self-Actualization is very difficult to attain It is impossible to attain New needs come after getting one need
ILLNESS
Highly subjective feeling of being sick or ill
ACUTE ILLNESS
Sudden in onset (most of the time, but not always) Less than six (6) months
CHRONIC ILLNESS
Gradual in onset (most of the time, but not always) Types of Chronic Illness Exacerbation Period characterized by active signs and symptoms of the illness Remission Periods where no signs and symptoms are present
DISEASE
Objective pathologic process
CONCEPTS ON DISEASE
Illness without disease is possible Disease without illness is possible Illness may or may not be related to a disease One can have a disease without necessarily feeling ill
DEVIANCE
Any behavior that goes against social norms Shortens life span Results to disrupted family and community
CONCEPT
Deviant behavior can be considered a disease
RATIONALE
Because it also shortens the life span like a disease
EXAMPLE OF DEVIANCE
Alcoholism A disease rather than a social problem
WELLNESS
Feeling of being well
DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH
World Organization Health
Health is the complete physical, mental, social (totality) well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity A high-level wellness!
DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH
Claude Barnard
Ability to maintain internal milieu
DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH
Walter Cannon
Ability to homeostasis maintain
A dynamic equilibrium A state of balance of the internal environment while external environment is changing
DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH
Florence Nightingale
Health is using ones power to the fullest Being well Can be maintained by manipulating the environment
DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH
Virginia Henderson
Viewed in terms of ability to perform the fourteen (14) fundamental needs or components of nursing care UNAIDED
DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH
Martha Rogers
Positive health symbolizes wellness Health is a value term defined by a certain culture
DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH
Sister Calista Roy
A state and process of being and becoming an INTEGRATED PERSON
DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH
Dorothea Orem
Characterized by soundness and wholeness of DEVELOPED HUMAN STRUCTURES and FUNCTIONS
DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH
Imogene King
A dynamic state in the life cycle (contrasted with illness) Illness is interference in the life cycle
DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH
Betty Neuman
Wellness is that all parts and subparts are in harmony with each other and the whole system
DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH
Dorothy Johnson
Elusive dynamic state influenced by biologic, psychologic and social factors
DEFINITIONS OF NURSING
DEFINITIONS OF NURSING
American Association Nurses
Nursing is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to illness (to actual and potential health problems)
DEFINITIONS OF NURSING
DEFINITIONS OF NURSING
Florence Nightingale
Nursing is the act of utilizing the ENVIRONMENT for the following purposes:
DEFINITIONS OF NURSING
Virginia Henderson
The unique function of the nurse is to assist individuals, sick or well, with the activities towards health that he would do unaided, if with strength and knowledge. If that is not possible, towards a PEACEFUL DEATH
DEFINITIONS OF NURSING
Martha Rogers
Nursing is a HUMANISTIC SCIENCE dedicated to compassionate concern for the promotion of health, prevention of illness and rehabilitation of the sick
DEFINITIONS OF NURSING
Sister Calista Roy
Nursing is a THEORETICAL SYSTEM OF KNOWLEDGE that prescribes analysis and action related to the care of the sick or ill It is a set of knowledge
DEFINITIONS OF NURSING
Dorothea Orem
Nursing is a helping service to any individual who is sick It comprises of wholly dependent or partly dependent care when the person is unable to do so. Defines nursing in terms of a NEED!
DEFINITIONS OF NURSING
Imogene King
Nursing is a helping profession that assists a person (same with Henderson) towards a DIGNIFIED DEATH
DEFINITIONS OF NURSING
Betty Neuman
Nursing is a profession that is concerned with INTRAPERSONAL, INTERPERSONAL, and EXTRAPERSONAL VARIABLES affecting a persons response to stressors
DEFINITIONS OF NURSING
Dorothy Johnson
Nursing is an EXTERNAL REGULATORY FORCE that regulates the ACTION or BEHAVIOR of a person when such behavior constitutes a threat, in order to preserve his organization
DEFINITIONS OF NURSING
Dorothy Johnson
Example:
In a COPD patient who remains a smoker, the nurse who encourages the patient not to smoke, serves as an external regulatory force
DEFINITIONS OF NURSING
Faye Abdella Nursing is a service to individuals, families and therefore, to society Conceptualized nursing as an ART and SCIENCE of MOLDING THE INTELLECT, ATTITUDE and SKILLS of the nurse Nursing in terms of providing education
DEFINITIONS OF NURSING
Hildegard Peplau
Nursing is the INTERPERSONAL process of THERAPEUTIC INTERACTION between the nurse and the patient.
NURSING THEORIES
general
CONCEPT
First Nursing School Florence Nightingale
Individuals / Personal systems Group systems / Interpersonal systems fraternity Social systems
10) DOROTHEA OREM: SELF CARE AND SELF CARE DEFICIT THEORY
Three (3) Nursing Systems based on Art of Care of Patient Needs
10) DOROTHEA OREM: SELF CARE AND SELF CARE DEFICIT THEORY
1. Partial Compensatory Patient performs some of nursing care needs 2. Wholly Compensatory or Total Compensatory For paralyzed patients, for ICU patients 3. Supportive-Educative For up and about patient
Nurse and patient test the role each one assumes Prepares patient for termination Patient identifies areas of difficulty
Patient identifies with the personnel who can satisfy his needs
3. Exploitation Phase
CONCEPTS!
Various settings for application of:
Pre-Interaction Phase In psychiatric setting, this consists of gathering data Pre-Entry Phase In community health nursing, this consists of a courtesy call
CONCEPT!
The most reliable method of identification is the Energy Field. This is better than the fingerprints as a persons energy field is absolutely unique!
14) LYDIA HALL: CARE, CORE, CURE Care Comfort measures given by the nurse to a patient Nurturance aspect of Nursing Core Therapeutic use of self Cure Activities in relation to doctors orders Dependent orders
17) JOSEPHINE PATTERSON & LORETA ZDERAD: HUMANISTIC NURSING PRACTICE THEORY
Nursing is an EXISTENTIAL EXPERIENCE between the nurse and the patient (nagkataon-nagkatagpo!) Nursing is a LIVE DIALOGUE between the patient who wants to be nursed and the nurse who has the skill to nurse
18) HELEN TOMLIN, EVELYN TOMLYN & MARY ANN SWAIN: MODELING AND REMODELING THEORY Focus is on the PERSON
Emphasis is on the UNCONDITIONAL ACCEPTANCE of the PATIENT
19) ANN BOYKIN & SAVINA SCHOENHOFER: GRAND THEORY OF NURSING AS A CARING THEORY
Nursing is NOT BASED on a DEFICIT but rather it is an EGALITARIAN MODE of helping This theory is against the theory of OREM
19) ANN BOYKIN & SAVINA SCHOENHOFER: GRAND THEORY OF NURSING AS A CARING THEORY
There is movement, the relationship is not static If the patients condition improved, then the intervention is effective and the patient moves on to new problems
The patient moves in a TRAJECTION of Eight (8) Phases Nurse needs to follow the patient along the eight phases of trajection
LEVELS OF PREVENTION
LEVELS OF PREVENTION
Primary Prevention Secondary Prevention Tertiary Prevention
PRIMARY PREVENTION
Emphasis on: Generalized health promotion and specific protection Recipients are GENERALLY HEALTHY PEOPLE When given: Before onset of illness or before onset of disease
PRIMARY PREVENTION
Examples: Generalized health education Prevention of accidents Standards of nutrition Immunizations Specific preventions Risk Assessment for specific disease Family Planning Services and Marriage Counseling Environmental Sanitation Recreation and Housing
SECONDARY PREVENTION
Emphasis placed on: Early detection / diagnosis Prompt treatment Health maintenance of persons already having health problems Prevention of complications When given: During illness
SECONDARY PREVENTION
Examples: Screening survey Encouraging regular check-ups Complying with regular check-ups Teaching Breast-self-examination Teaching Testicular-self-examination
CONCEPT!
Most effective method of teaching is DEMONSTRATION
SECONDARY PREVENTION
Additional Examples of Secondary Prevention Assessment of growth and development General nursing assessment and care at the hospital, community and the home
TERTIARY PREVENTION
Emphasis placed on: Support of the client to achieve the following: Successful re-adaptation Optimal reconstitution Regain high-level wellness Therefore, the purpose is more of REHABILITATION When given: Begins after the illness or when a defect or disability is fixed or irreversible
TERTIARY PREVENTION
Examples: Referring a client to support groups Teaching a diabetic client how to inject insulin
ROLES OF A NURSE
ROLES OF A NURSE
1. Caregiver / Care Provider
To convey understanding and support Activities: Support and comfort measures (mothering aspect of nursing / nurturance aspect of nursing)
ROLES OF A NURSE
2. Counselor
Involves helping patient identify and avoid stressful and psychological problems Focuses on: Helping client establish capacity for successful interpersonal relations Helping the patient develop new coping skills
CONCEPT!
Do not give advice!
This is meant to facilitate decision-making on the part of the client This is observed so that the client would not develop DEPENDENCY
ROLES OF A NURSE
3. Client Advocate
Protects rights of patients Activity: Speaking on behalf of the patient
ROLES OF A NURSE
4. Change Agent
Brings change or adjustments Nurse only influences a patient Nurse does not change the patient
ROLES OF A NURSE
5. Teacher
Teaching Imparting of knowledge
ROLES OF A NURSE
6. Leader
Application of interpersonal influence to bring out desired behavior (leadership)
ROLES OF A NURSE
7. Manager
Decision-making Planning Giving directions Monitoring operations Facilitating staff development Therefore, this is done on the supervisory level of organization
ROLES OF A NURSE
8. Researcher
After graduation, nurse cannot yet be a researcher He can only be a researcher after he receives his Master of Arts in Nursing (M.A.N) degree
CONCEPT!
Areas of Learning Domain
Knowledge cognitive Skills motor Attitude emotional
TEACHING STRATEGIES
1. Explanation and Description
Address cognitive aspect of learning
TEACHING STRATEGIES
2. One-to-one Discussion
Addresses affective and cognitive learning
TEACHING STRATEGIES
3. Answering Questions
Cognitive
TEACHING STRATEGIES
4. Demonstration
Motor
TEACHING STRATEGIES
5. Discovery
Cognitive and Affective
CONCEPT!
Learning is more effective if the learner discovers the content for himself. (That is, through experience!)
TEACHING STRATEGIES
6. Group Discussion
Affective and Cognitive Sharing feelings during group dynamics
TEACHING STRATEGIES
7. Practice
Motor
TEACHING STRATEGIES
8.Printed and Audiovisual Material
TEACHING STRATEGIES
9. Role-playing
For pediatric and psychiatric nursing settings
TEACHING STRATEGIES
10. Modeling
What you say is what you do
TEACHING STRATEGIES
11. Computer Assisted Learning Programs
Online review
NURSING PROCESS
Definition:
The Nursing Process is a systematic, organized, rational method of planning and providing individualized, humanistic nursing care
Problem-oriented, flexible, open to new information Allows creativity of nurse and patient
IMPORTANT CONCEPT!
No conclusion is developed in the assessment phase
ASSESSMENT PROCESS
Concept:
Data is equivalent to information
ASSESSMENT PROCESS
What is the initial output of the Assessment Phase?
Data or Recorded Data Never validated data!!!
TYPES OF DATA
1. Subjective or Covert Data
Felt by the patient During the recording of data, this should be stated using the patients own words These are the symptoms felt by the patient
TYPES OF DATA
2. Objective or Overt Data
Capable of being observed by use of senses sight, touch, smell, taste, hearing These are the signs which are observable
SOURCES OF DATA
1. Primary Source
Patient himself except when: He is unconscious Patient is a baby Patient is insane
SOURCES OF DATA
2. Secondary Source
Patients record Health care members Related literature or journals Significant others (they become primary source when patient is unconscious) Family or relatives The person who brought the patient to the hospital
SOURCES OF DATA
3. Environment of the Patient
Example: Patient with diabetes mellitus exhibits acetone breath Assess for diabetic ketoacidosis
CONCEPT!
Characteristics of Closed-ended questions:
Yes or No questions Asks when or asks for the time when event happened Asks how many Point with finger when asking to provide clarity Therefore, they call for highly specific answers
THE INTERVIEW
2. Body of the Interview
Occurs when patient responds to questioning
THE INTERVIEW
3. Closing Stage
How to close the interview: Summarizing Technique
VALIDATION OF DATA
Act of double-checking the data Purposes of Data Validation
To ensure the: Correctness Completeness Accuracy of the data
DATA RECORDING
Concepts:
Data Recording COMPLETES the Assessment Phase Initial Output of the Assessment Phase is DATA Final Output of the Assessment Phase is RECORDED DATA
A diagnosis that a patient is more vulnerable or susceptible compared with others in the same situation
Example: Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity related to immobility secondary to fractured hip.
There is an evidence of a health problem but the causes are NOT fully understood
An option to indicate that some data are present to confirm a diagnosis but are insufficient as of this time Example: Possible Self Care Deficit related to impaired ability to use left hand secondary to presence of intravenous therapy.
TYPES OF PLANNING
1. Initial Planning
Done by the nurse When done: At specified time upon or after admission of the patient
TYPES OF PLANNING
2. On-going Planning
Who are involved: Done by all nurses who worked with the patient The patient himself The family But primarily, the NURSE
TYPES OF PLANNING
2. On-going Planning Purposes of On-going Planning To determine if the clients health status has changed To decide which problems to focus on during the shift To set priorities for client care during the shift To coordinate the patient care and activities so that more than one problem can be addressed at the same time
TYPES OF PLANNING
3. Discharge Planning
Purpose of Discharge Planning To ensure continuity of care
PURPOSES OF GOAL-SETTING
To set direction To provide a time span To have a criteria for evaluation To enable the nurse and the patient to determine whether the problem has been resolved or not To help motivate the client and the patient by providing a sense of accomplishment
TYPES OF EVALUATION
1. On-going Evaluation
When done: During or immediately after the intervention Importance: Allows the nurse to decide and make on-the-spot modification/s in an intervention
TYPES OF EVALUATION
2. Intermittent Evaluation
When done: At a specified time Purpose: It shows the extent of progress of the patient Importance: Enables the nurse to correct deficiencies and modify the nursing care plan
TYPES OF EVALUATION
3. Terminal Evaluation When done: At or immediately before discharge Importance: States the status of a health problem at the time of discharge It determines whether the goals are: Met Partially met Unmet
DOCUMENTATION
DOCUMENTATION
It is a written, formal document A record of clients progress
PURPOSES OF DOCUMENTATION
Planning Care Communication For legal documentation purposes For research For education Reimbursements For statistics, reporting, epidemiology Accreditation, licensing
GUIDELINES ON DOCUMENTATION
Timing Document patient care as soon as possible Observe confidentiality Observe permanence Use non-erasable ink Do not use sign pen
GUIDELINES ON DOCUMENTATION
Signature Sign full name and append R.N. Accuracy Ensure that data is correct Avoid biases Avoid ambiguous terms Appropriateness Write only appropriate information
GUIDELINES ON DOCUMENTATION
Completeness Use standard terminology Brevity Make it concise yet meaningful Legal Awareness Cross out erroneous entry Write Error Countersign
TYPES OF RECORDS
Source-Oriented Clinical Record Problem-Oriented Clinical Record
1. Baseline Data
All information gathered from a patient when he first entered the agency
2. Problem List
Contains only ACTIVE problems information about the problem) (and relevant
4. Progress Notes
Includes: Nurses narrative notes (SOAPIE) Flow sheets Discharge Notes and Referral Summaries Formats: SOAPIE for revisions
KARDEX
Is the Kardex a part of the patients record? No, it is not!!! It is just a bulletin board
IMPORTANT CONCEPT
A Nursing Care Plan is not a record!!!
COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION
Exchange of ideas, information, feelings, data between two communicators
CONCEPT!
Communication is the basic component of Human Relationships
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Message Data 2. Sender Encoder 3. Receiver Decoder 4. Feedback 5. Context Setting Overall environment where the communication takes place
MODES OF COMMUNICATION
1. Verbal Oral Spoken Written communication Text communication Cable communication Telex communication Facsimile communication
MODES OF COMMUNICATION
2. Non-verbal communication Facial expression Grimacing Posture Gait Adornment Make-up Gestures
NON-THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION
Stumbling blocks to effective communication Stereotyping Generalizing Agreeing and Disagreeing No confrontation No argument Being defensive Moralizing or Passing Judgment Giving Common Advise Examples: If I were you You should have done it
CIRCADIAN RHYTHM
A biological rhythm A biological clock Regulated from outside the persons body
TYPES OF SLEEP
1. Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (REM Sleep)
Increased brain metabolism and activity Also called PARADOXICAL SLEEP Characterized by: Vivid dreams Easily recalled upon awakening
Colorful, dramatic, emotional, implausible dream Characterized by rapid eye movements Almost complete loss of muscle control
Penile erection (males) and vaginal moistening (females) Easy to awaken Usually a time for more intensive, vivid dreams
Adolescents spend 30% of total sleep time in REM sleep Adults spend 15% of total sleep in REM sleep
CONCEPTS!
REM sleep is NOT AS RESTFUL as NON-REM sleep However, REM sleep is NEEDED Dreaming is a psychological outlet of pent up emotions
NURSING ALERT!
Deprivation of REM sleep results to:
Irritability Restlessness Poor concentration
TYPES OF SLEEP
2. Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (Non-REM Sleep)
Deep restful sleep Benefit is that it restores the body physically and psychologically (especially for post-operative patients)
Stage of very light sleep The eyes roll from side to side Heart and respiratory rates drop slightly The sleeper can be readily awakened Stage only lasts for a few minutes
Stage of light sleep in which the body processes continue to slow down The eyes are generally still The heart and respiratory rates decrease slightly The body temperature falls Lasts only about 10 to 15 minutes but constitutes 40 45% of total sleep
The heart and respiratory rates, as well as other body processes, slow further because of the domination of the parasympathetic nervous system The sleeper becomes more difficult to arouse The person is not disturbed by sensory stimuli The skeletal muscles are very relaxed The reflexes are diminished and snoring may occur
Delta sleep or deep sleep Heart and respiratory rates drop 20 30% below that exhibited during waking hours Sleeper is very relaxed, rarely moves and is difficult to arouse This stage is thought to restore the body physically The eyes usually roll and some dreaming occurs
CONCEPT!
Deprivation of Non-REM sleep causes:
Physical exhaustion Decreased resistance against infection
PROMOTING OXYGENATION
DEEP BREATHING
COUGHING EXERCISES
Purpose To expand the lungs To facilitate expectoration of secretions How often done: At least every two (2) hours
COUGHING EXERCISES
Procedure
Teach the patient to inhale and exhale Tell the patient to inhale and exhale a second time Tell the patient to inhale and cough out
NURSING ALERT!
Coughing patients: is contraindicated in the following
With increased intracranial pressure (ICP) With increased intraoptical pressure (IOP) With cardiac arrhythmias (but are allowed to do deep breathing)
CONCEPTS!
Deep Breathing and Coughing Purpose is to stimulate surfactant production Yawning and production sneezing also stimulate surfactant
CONCEPTS!
Humidifier moistens oxygen administered Purpose the
To avoid drying and irritation of the mucosal lining Also traps particulates from the tank Iron oxide may be present in the tank (iron plus oxygen produces iron oxide or rust)
CONCEPTS!
Fire Precaution Place NO SMOKING sign at the door or at the head part of the patient Tank and oxygen do not explode They merely support combustion
OTHER CONCEPTS!
Do not use volatile substances Acetone and alcohol can react with oxygen and lead to toxicity of patient Do not use oil based or grease on any part of the oxygen set Do not allow the patient to use an electric razor as sparks may trigger combustion
NURSING ALERT!
Retrolental Fibroplasia occurs if there is excess oxygen administration in infants. Excess oxygen leads to destruction of the retina and blindness
MODES OF ADMINISTRATION
1. Low Flow Administration
Utilizes nasal cannula or nasal prongs or nasal catheters Given to COPD patients
NEBULIZATION
With sodium chloride and salbutamol A physiologic solution Water liquefies secretions Sodium chloride stimulates coughing Salbutamol is a bronchodilator Purpose: For expectoration of secretions
SPIROMETRY
Purpose is to expand the lungs Done when inhaling Instruction to the patient:
Inhale from the spirometer and NOT blow to the spirometer Procedure: Inhale exhale Inhale exhale fully Place mouthpiece between teeth Hold breath for four (4) seconds Then inhale, fully rising the ball Upon inhalation, the ball rises
CHEST PHYSIOTHERAPY
This is a dependent procedure There are no absolute contraindications procedure Contraindicated for the following patients with: Pacemakers Lung abscess Hemoptysis Dangerous Arrhythmias Active PTB (which goes to the other lobe) Lung CA (malignancy goes to other lung)
to
this
Use cupped hands Hands alternate in rising and coming into contact with chest or back of patient
Palms of your hand are placed on chest or back of patient giving quivering motions Palms remain in contact with the chest or back
IMPORTANT CONCEPT!
Rule out contraindications before performing chest physiotherapy
CONCEPTS!
done
to
Nebulization is done to liquefy secretions Suctioning is done to clear secretions Postural Drainage is done to drain secretions using gravity
POSTURAL DRAINAGE
When done: Before meals Two (2) hours after meals Before doing the procedure, the following baseline data are needed: Breath sounds Vital signs Continuous ECG monitoring
POSTURAL DRAINAGE
During the procedure:
Ensure the comfort of the patient Provide a kidney basin and tissue paper
NURSING ALERT!
Watch out for signs of symptoms which may require stopping of the procedure: Sudden dyspnea Cyanosis Extreme diaphoresis Sudden alteration of blood pressure, respiratory rate, pulse rate Appearance of arrhythmias Hemoptysis General intolerance of the procedure
IMPORTANT CONCEPT!
If any of those written on the previous slide occurs, STOP THE PROCEDURE and inform the physician
CONCEPT!
After the procedure assess the following: Breath sounds Vital signs Quantity and quality of sputum Overall response of the patient to the procedure Give oral hygiene Rationale: To eliminate phlegm from the mouth
IMPORTANT CONCEPT!
Patients with cystic fibrosis benefit much from postural drainage
SUCTIONING
SUCTIONING
Purpose is to seek out secretions
CONCEPTS ON SUCTIONING
Question: If you have only one (1) suction catheter, which will you suction first, the nose or the mouth? Answer: If the patient is an infant or a newborn: Start on the mouth then proceed to the nose Rationale: If you start on the nose, you will trigger the sneezing reflex and this would result into aspiration
CONCEPTS ON SUCTIONING
Question: If you have only one (1) suction catheter, which will you suction first, the nose or the mouth? Answer: If the patient is an adult, suction the mouth first, then proceed to the nose Rationale: This is done for aesthetic reasons
TYPES OF SUCTIONING
TYPE OF SUCTIONING: OROPHARYN -GEAL SUCTIONING If the patient is conscious POSITION OF THE PATIENT WHILE SUCTIONING Fowlers (high or moderate); Head turned to one side (towards the nurse) DEPTH DURATION INTERVAL WITH EACH PASS OF SUCTION 20 30 seconds TOTAL TIME
10 15 cm
Place on one side (facing the nurse); Tilt neck to move head slightly forward towards the basin to avoid aspiration during suctioning
10 15 cm
20 30 seconds
TYPES OF SUCTIONING
TYPE OF SUCTIONING: NASOPHARYNGEAL SUCTIONING If the patient is conscious POSITION OF THE PATIENT WHILE SUCTIONING DEPTH DURATION INTERVAL WITH EACH PASS OF SUCTION TOTAL TIME
20 30 seconds
Flat on bed with head turned to the nurse Lateral position may be assumed
20 30 seconds
TYPES OF SUCTIONING
TYPE OF SUCTIONING: OROTRACHEAL SUCTIONING If the patient is conscious POSITION OF THE PATIENT WHILE SUCTIONING DEPTH DURATION INTERVAL WITH EACH PASS OF SUCTION TOTAL TIME
20 30 seconds
20 30 seconds
TYPES OF SUCTIONING
TYPE OF SUCTIONING: NASOTRACHEAL SUCTIONING If the patient is conscious POSITION OF THE PATIENT WHILE SUCTIONING DEPTH DURATION INTERVAL WITH EACH PASS OF SUCTION TOTAL TIME
From tip of the nose to earlobe to dominating side of neck to the thyroid cartilage From tip of the nose to earlobe to dominating side of neck to the thyroid cartilage
20 30 seconds
20 30 seconds
TYPES OF SUCTIONING
TYPE OF SUCTIONING: POSITION OF THE PATIENT WHILE SUCTIONING Semi-Fowlers not contraindicated if DEPTH DURATION INTERVAL WITH EACH PASS OF SUCTION 2 3 minutes TOTAL TIME
12.5 cms. or 6 inches; Insert as far as it goes until you meet resistance or until patient coughs Insert as far as it gets until you meet resistance or until the patient coughs
5 10 seconds
if
5 10 seconds
2 3 minutes
VITAL SIGNS
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
Oral Temperature Axillary Temperature Rectal Temperature
ORAL TEMPERATURE
Most convenient Most accessible Nursing Alert!
Applicability is for children aged six (6) years and above Not applicable for children below six (6) years old
ORAL TEMPERATURE
Contraindicated in the patients with: Oral surgery Mouth breathers History of convulsive seizures Unconscious Incoherent Irrational Mentally disrupted Insane
ORAL TEMPERATURE
Procedure Nothing Per Orem for about thirty (30) minutes before taking temperature No food intake No drinks No smoking No chewing gum No whistling No gargling Rationale Any of the above would alter the results
ORAL TEMPERATURE
Placement: Under the tongue, beside the frenulum (right or left) Total Time: Two (2) to three (3) minutes
AXILLARY TEMPERATURE
Least reliable Safest method Nursing Alert!
During application, be sure that axilla is dry Dry using a patting motion
AXILLARY TEMPERATURE
Nursing Alert! Do not RUB! Rationale This increases heat due to friction Rubbing increases blood supply to the area Therefore, there will be increase in temperature reading Rubbing provides a false-positive elevation of temperature reading
AXILLARY TEMPERATURE
Duration:
In adults nine (9) minutes In children five (5) minutes
RECTAL TEMPERATURE
Most reliable (except for Tympanic Thermometer) Most accurate (except for Tympanic Thermometer) Concept! If tympanic method is used using a tympanic thermometer, the rectal method is only second most reliable and second most accurate
RECTAL TEMPERATURE
Disadvantage: Placement on a different site yields a different reading Therefore, ensure that the bulb of the rectal thermometer rests on the mucous membrane. Contraindications: Hemorrhoids Rectal Surgery Certain Cardiac ailments due to stimulation of the vagus nerve; valsalva maneuver leads to arrhythmias
RECTAL TEMPERATURE
Position of the patient when taking the reading: Sims left position Sims right position For Newborn, lift up ankles to keep buttocks up In Toddlers, set on prone position on adults lap Duration: Two (2) minutes
TEMPERATURE SCALES
Conversion of Centigrade to Fahrenheit
Centigrade = (5/9)F 32 Centigrade = (F/1.8) 32
TEMPERATURE SCALES
Conversion of Fahrenheit to Centigrade
Fahrenheit = (9/5)C + 32 Fahrenheit = (1.8)C + 32
FEVER
Normally, the hypothalamus is able to adjust body temperatures between 37C to 40C But due to the presence of pyrogenic materials like the following: Pathogenic microorganisms Toxins Foreign substances Any substance capable of increasing body temperature Creates a deficiency of -3C, making a person enter the FIRST STAGE OF FEVER
throughout
the
TYPES OF FEVER
1. Intermittent Fever
A fever that is alternated at regular intervals by periods of normal and subnormal temperature
TYPES OF FEVER
2. Remittent Fever
Fever alternated by wide range of fluctuations in temperature, all of them are ABOVE NORMAL. Duration is within a 24-hour period
TYPES OF FEVER
3. Relapsing Fever
Short periods of febrile episodes alternated by one (1) to two (2) days of normal temperature
TYPES OF FEVER
4. Constant Fever
Minimal fluctuations of temperature, all of which are ABOVE NORMAL
TYPES OF FEVER
5. Staircase or Spiking Fever
Common in patients with TYPHOID FEVER
PULSE RATE
PULSE ASSESSMENT
Concepts!
If pulse is regular, count or monitor pulse for thirty (30) seconds and multiply by two (2). This is legal! If pulse is irregular, count or monitor the pulse for one (1) FULL minute
BLOOD PRESSURE
BLOOD PRESSURE
Systolic Produced by ventricular contraction Pressure on blood vessels during depolarization or ventricular contraction Diastolic Pressure that remains in the walls of the blood vessels during relaxation or repolarization or resting
BLOOD PRESSURE
Broadly two (2) types:
Direct By insertion of a catheter Indirect Method Auscultatory method Palpatory method Flush Method
AUSCULTATORY METHOD
Uses Korotkoff sound
A popping sound NOT the heart beat It is a phenomenon an unknown phenomenon!
AUSCULTATORY METHOD
Determining Amount of Inflation
Using auscultatory method Ask patient what is his last BP reading and then add 30 40 mmHg from last systolic reading. Deflate gradually rate is approximately 2 3 mmHg per second Alternative auscultatory method Auscultate for the last sound as you go up. Then add 30 40 mmHg Then deflate
AUSCULTATORY METHOD
Tripartite Blood Pressure Done if patient is an adult. Example: 140 mmHg systolic first loudest sound 100 mmHg 1st diastolic muffling 70 mmHg 2nd diastolic last sound Therefore, the tripartite blood pressure is 140 / 100 / 70 If there is no muffling, an example would be: 160 / no muffling / 110
AUSCULTATORY METHOD
Concepts!!! Take systolic on loudest sound if patient is an adult If patient is pediatric or up to ten (10) years old, take the first sound, whether it is faint or loud If, for example, first sound is at 190 mmHg and there is silence up to 140 mmHg and then there is a sound at 130 mmHg down to 80 mmHg then Use the PALPATORY METHOD in combination with the AUSCULTATORY METHOD because there is an auscultatory gap Repeat using: Auscultatory method Palpatory method
FLUSH METHOD
Represents the mean blood pressure Represents the average of the systolic and diastolic pressures
FLUSH METHOD
When done:
When you have a BP apparatus without a stethoscope Used for pediatric patients
FLUSH METHOD
How done:
Inflate up to the point where extremity becomes pale Deflate slowly and look for a REBOUND FLUSH when extremity becomes red again
This is the true reading!! Note that there is only ONE reading!!!
PULSE PRESSURE
It is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures Normal is 30 40 mmHg
HYPERTENSION
This is an abnormally high blood pressure over140 mmHg systolic and or above 90 mmHg diastolic for at least two consecutive readings
HYPOTENSION
This is an abnormally low blood pressure, systolic pressure below 100 mmHg and diastolic pressure below 60 mmHg
RESPIRATORY RATE
ASSESSING RESPIRATIONS
Rate Normal is 12 20 cycles per minute in an adult Depth Observe the movement of the chest. May be normal, deep, or shallow
ASSESSING RESPIRATIONS
Rhythm Observe for regularity of exhalations and inhalations Quality or Characteristic Refers to respiratory effort and sound of breathing
Stress
Increases respiratory rate
Environment
Increased temperature of the environment decreases RR; Decreased temperature, increases RR Increased altitude Increases RR Medications
(e.g., narcotics decrease RR)
SKIN INTEGRITY
DECUBITUS ULCERS
Decubitus ulcers are caused by:
Unrelieved, sustained pressure Localized ischemia Shearing force Pressure plus friction
DECUBITUS ULCERS
Predisposing Factors: Unconsciousness Incontinence Loss of Sensation Hypoproteinemia Decreased lean muscle mass Increase in fluid shifting leads to edema Dependent position is the skin attached to or facing the bed Emaciation
Stage 1
Involves the epidermis Manifestation Non-blanchable erythema of INTACT SKIN This is the first heralding sign of decubitus ulceration
Stage 2
Partial Thickness Skin Loss Involves epidermis and dermis Manifestation Blister formation Shallow craters Shallow abrasion and ulceration
Stage 3
Full Thickness Skin Loss Ulceration There is skin loss already Involves necrosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissues EXTENDING TO but NOT THROUGH the underlying fascia
Stage 4
Formations and manifestations of Stage 3 plus Involvement of bones, supporting structures (tendons), joint capsules Massive damage
EDEMA
EDEMA
Caused by shifting of fluid into the interstitial tissues
MANAGEMENT OF EDEMA
1) Elevation of the edematous part
Nursing Alert! If edema is due to Congestive Heart Failure (Right Sided), NEVER ELEVATE THE LOWER EXTREMITIES Rationale: This increases the workload of the right side of the heart Concept! If edema is due to prolonged standing, DO THE ELEVATION
MANAGEMENT OF EDEMA
2) Wear elastic stockings
MANAGEMENT OF EDEMA
3) Use warm compress alternated with cold compress
Rationale: Vasoconstriction circulation of fluid
and
vasodilation
causes
re-
ASSESSMENT OF EDEMA
Induration
1+ 2+ 3+ 4+ 5+ 1 cm induration 2 cm induration 3 cm induration 4 cm induration 5 cm induration
PAIN MANAGEMENT
PAIN
PAIN THRESHOLD
Amount of pain stimulation that is required in order to feel pain
PAIN TOLERANCE
Maximum amount of pain and duration that a person is willing to endure
1B) Petrissage Hard massage Large and quick pinches Also done by striking
Rebound Phenomenon When you apply heat (usually done for 20 minutes), vasodilation is produced If heat is applied for more than 20 minutes, there is vasoconstriction This is an inherent defense mechanism from burning of tissues
4) Guided Imagery Imagine that you are walking along a peaceful shore Eyes are closed and suggestions are given
URINARY ELIMINATION
URINARY ELIMINATION
Oliguria Renal output of less than 500 ml per day Anuria Renal output of less than 100 ml per day Retention Positive for distended bladder May also occur in the absence of bladder distention
TYPES OF INCONTINENCE
1) Functional Incontinence
Involuntary passage Unpredictable time
TYPES OF INCONTINENCE
2) Reflex Incontinence
Occurs at somewhat predictable times when specific bladder volume is reached No awareness of bladder filling No urge to void It may be related to neurologic impairment
TYPES OF INCONTINENCE
3) Stress Incontinence Loss of urine is less than 50 ml occurring with increased intraabdominal pressure Occurs when laughing Occurs when sneezing Occurs when smiling
TYPES OF INCONTINENCE
4) Total Incontinence
Continuous flow of urine No bladder distention No bladder spasm No awareness of bladder filling
TYPES OF INCONTINENCE
5) Urge Incontinence Urine flows as soon as a strong sense of feeling to void occurs Strong bladder spasm
MANAGEMENT OF INCONTINENCE
1) Kegels Exercises Also called: Pubococcygeal Muscle Exercises Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercises Applicable for: Functional Incontinence Stress Incontinence How done: Advise patient to stand with legs slightly apart Concentrate on perineum Draw perineum upward slowly
MANAGEMENT OF INCONTINENCE
1) Kegels Exercises
Alternative way: When urinating, try to stop in the middle of flow or try to stop diarrhea from flowing Advantage of Kegels Exercises Increases muscle tone of the pelvis Increases muscle control
MANAGEMENT OF INCONTINENCE
2) Clean Intermittent Self Catheterization Applicable for Reflex Incontinence How done: Use a mirror for: Obese male patients Female patients
MANAGEMENT OF INCONTINENCE
2) Clean Intermittent Self Catheterization
Question: Is your Clean Intermittent Self Catheterization procedure a sterile procedure? Answer: No, it is just a clean procedure. Therefore, you can just wash the catheter for the next use.
MANAGEMENT OF INCONTINENCE
3) Credes Maneuver
Application of a steady but gentle pressure on the supra-pubic region to force urine out of the bladder Nursing Alert! Do not use if there is OBSTRUCTION (i.e. renal obstruction in the form of renal stones) This is done only for patients who are no longer expected to regain control (Reflex incontinence and retention)
MANAGEMENT OF INCONTINENCE
4) Prompted Voiding or Scheduled Toileting
For Reflex Incontinence
MANAGEMENT OF INCONTINENCE
5) Application of Adult Catheter and External Condom Catheter For elderly with Total Incontinence
MANAGEMENT OF INCONTINENCE
6) Catheterization
CATHETERIZATION
WELLNESS TEACHINGS
Fluid intake of at least 2,000 ml per day Regular exercise High fiber diet Avoid ignoring the urge to defecate Do not abuse laxatives
Elimination of Barium How: Cleansing enema may be needed after barium enema
POSITIONS IN ENEMA
High Cleansing Enema
Clean as much of the colon as possible On introduction, Sims Left position facilitates flow of enema to sigmoid colon Then, assume Dorsal Recumbent position to facilitate flow of enema to transverse colon Then, Right Side-Lying position to facilitate flow of enema to the descending colon
POSITIONS IN ENEMA
Low Cleansing Enema
For cleaning of rectum and colon only