Harvesting Chemical Energy

Chapter 9

Kinesthetic Learning Key

Green Text: title of slide Yellow Highlighted Text: Most important piece of information on the slide An Underlined, Blank Space = a key term Blue Text = The definition and/or the sentence of the key term. Red Text: Supplemental Information Underlined Text: Key equation Black Text: Answer the given question

 Objectives
Describe how ______ ____ serve as an energy store Describe the relationship between ____ and _______. Relate the caloric requirements of humans to the energy requirements for cellular reactions Describe the workings of each phase of cellular respiration with emphasis on the reactants, the products, the net production of ATP and the cellular locations

Introduction
Harvesting chemical energy involves _____________ generates ATP With adequate O2 supplies food is burnt (aerobic respiration) In absence of O2 food molecules are fermented

Overview of Cellular Respiration

Glucose is broken down yielding energy
Breakdown is __________ Synthesis or build up is _________

Overview of Cell Respiration

Cell respiration stores energy in ATP molecules overall equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 ----> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy efficiency ~40% compared with car ~25% Energy is used for body maintenance and voluntary activity average human needs ~2200kcal/day

Molecular Basics
Energy obtained by transferring electrons (Hydrogens) from organic molecules to oxygen movement of H+ represents electron movement involves series of steps coupling _______ and _________ reactions

Molecular Basics
Hydrogen carriers (like NAD+) shuttle electrons paired endergonic-exergonic reactions are known as redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions oxidation-loss of electron, _________ reduction-gain of electron, _________ breakdown of glucose involves series of redox reactions

at each step breakdown portion oxidized and NAD+ reduced to NADH

Molecular Basics
Energy released when electrons fall from hydrogen carrier to oxygen
NADH releases energetic electrons, regenerating NAD+ electrons enter _________ ________ ______
series of redox reactions, passes electrons from one molecule to next

ultimate electron acceptor is oxygen small amounts of energy released to make ATP

Molecular Basics: Two mechs to make ATP

Two mechanisms for making ATP
1. _____________

involves electron transport chain and ATP synthase uses potential energy of H+ gradient produced by electron transport chain to generate ATP

Two mechs to make ATP cont.

2. ___________ ____________ _____________

does not involve either electron transport chain or ATP synthase ADP phosphorylated by enzyme using PO4group from phosphorylated substrate

Three Stages of Respiration

__________- in the cytoplasm ____ ______-in the mitochondrial matrix

__________ _______ _____-in the inner mitochondrial membrane ..

Glycolysis
Harvests energy by oxidizing _______ to pyruvic acid in cytoplasm ten steps involved separate enzyme for each step also requires ADP, phosphate and NAD+ ATP required to form initial intermediates

Summary of Glycolysis
broken into two phases:
steps 1-5 are endergonic = require ATP input steps 6-10 are energy-releasing= exergonic; make ATP and NADH net energy gain is 2 ATP and 2 NADH for each glucose 2 Pyruvate are also made

Pyruvate is processed to Acetyl Co A

Pyruvate is chemically processed before entering Krebs cycle NAD+ is reduced to to NADH Pyruvate is stripped of a carbon, releases CO2 complexed with coenzyme A (CoA) forming acetyl CoA net energy gain is 2 NADH for each glucose

Krebs Cycle
Completes oxidation of organic molecules, releasing many NADH and FADH occurs in mitochondrial matrix involves eight steps which results in production of CO2 as waste product

requires ADP, phosphate, NAD+, FAD, and oxaloacetate eighth step regenerates ____________

Krebs Cycle Summary

net energy gain from Krebs is 2 ATP, 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 for each glucose that started the process of cellular meatbolism

SO.. For each Acetyl CoA that enters the Krebs Cycle how many ATP, FADH2 and NADH are made

From Glycolysis FADH is made?

A. True B. False

Electron Transport Chain

The Electron Transport Chain is imbedded in the mitochondrial cristae There are many proteins involved that transfer hydrogens to generate a hydrogen gradient ___________= the process in which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen gradient is used to power ATP synthesis The greatest amount of energy is produced via this method

Electron Transport Chain: Gradient Is Generated

electron transport chain is series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae)
complexes oscillate between reduced and oxidized state H+ transported from inside cristae to intermembrane space as redox occurs

Chemiosmosis: ATP is Generated

H+ gradient drives ATP synthesis in matrix as H+ transported through ATP synthase net energy gain is 34 ATP for each glucose Oxygen is the final hydrogen( electron) acceptor Water is the waste product

Electron Transport Chain: Issues

Some poisons function by interrupting critical events in respiration
__________, ___________, ___________block various parts of electron transport chain ___________ blocks passage of H+ through ATP synthase Uncouplers, like __________, cause cristae to leak H+, cannot maintain H+ gradient

Cellular Respiration: Summary

Each glucose molecule yields 38 ATP
glycolysis in cytoplasm yields 2 ATP in absence of O2, but mostly prepares for mitochondrial steps that require O2
Krebs cycle in mitochondrial matrix produces some 2 ATP, but mostly strips out CO2 and produces energy shuttles Electron transport chain produces 34 ATP but only if O2 present

Cellular Respiration: Summary cont.

3 ATP produced for each NADH and 2 ATP produced for each FADH2 Dont try to derive each one, there is still scientific controvery about this issue

The transporters of the Electron Transport Chain are antiports:

A. True B. False

Some things to consider ???????????

Why do you breathe oxygen? When you diet where do those lost pounds go and how do they do it? Where does the CO2 you exhale come from?