DIRECT CURRENT METER

By M. Rahmad Physics Education FKIP UR 2013

Meter DC, by M. Rahmad

DC Voltmeter
+ Rs V Rm Im description: Im = Current max darsonval movement Rs = Multiplied resistance Rm = internalresistance V = Voltage .

Fig 1 Simple DC voltmeter Voltage V = Im (Rs+Rm)

V I m Rm V Rs Rm Im Im
2

and the multiple resistance

Meter DC, by M. Rahmad

Multi Range Voltmeter

We can be designed with the addition of a multiplier resistance with the switch range approprite. Example 1: A dArsonval movements with Rm = 100 Ohm, Im = 1 mA. Determine multipler resistance to make multi range Voltmeters according to 0-10 V, 0-50 V, 0-250 V, 0-500 V.

Meter DC, by M. Rahmad

R1
V2 V1

R2
V3 V4

R3

R4

Im

+ Fig.2 Multi range Voltmeter

Meter DC, by M. Rahmad

Rm

Solution:
#for range voltage0-10 V di V4

V4 10 V 10 K I m 1mA

and

R4 R Rm 10 0,1 9,9K

# for range voltage 0-50V di V3

V3 50 V 50 K I m 1mA

ad

R3 R ( Rm R4 ) 50 10 40 K

# for range voltage n 0-250V di V2

R V2 250 V 250 K I m 1mA

and R2 R ( Rm R3 R4 ) 250 50 200 K

# for range voltage n 0-500V di V1

V1 500 V 500 K and R R ( R R R R ) 500 250 250 K 1 m 2 3 4 I m 1mA

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The alternative to determine voltmeter multiplier resistance for multi range, we can use voltmeter sensitivity methode : follow the equation

Rs ( S V) Rm
Where Rs = multiplier resistance S = Sensitivity or 1/Idp V = Range of voltage Rm = internal resistance
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Fig 3. Two range Voltmeter

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Voltmeter loading effect

The sensitivity of a DC voltmeter is an important factor when the selecting a meter for a certain voltage measurement. A low sensitivity may give correct reading when measuring voltage in low resistance circuits, but it is certain to produce very unrealible readings in high resistance circuits. So measuring voltage influence the voltmeter sensitivity. For low sesntivity caused loading R1 effect.
Example 2: The circuit from beside figure measured with two voltmeter and have sensitivity first 1000 Ohm/V and second 20 Kohm/V. Compute the each voltmeter reading and error reading
100 K + 150V R2 50K V Rm

Meter DC, by M. Rahmad

Solution: Through the proper voltage on the calculation resistance R = 50 K is

50K 150V 50V 150K

If using voltmeter wiht S = 1000/V, for 50 V range, voltmeter sensitivity is Sv= 50 V1000/V = 50 K. So that R 50K 50K 25K
2

50K 50K

and

25K V 150V 30V 125K

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If we using voltmeter with sensitivity s = 20K/V, so if the rang 50 V, the resistance = 50 V20/V = 1 M. so
1M 50K R2 47,6K 1M 50K

, and we find

47 ,6K V 150 V 48,36 V 147 ,6K

What the error percent?

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How to use voltmeter? 1. Use the correct polarity 2. connect the parallel to the circuit to be measured 3. use range from high to appropriate, 4. Be careful the effects of the loading

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OHMMETER

Fig 4. Ohmmeter type

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The dArsonval meter movement may also be used in conjunction with a battery and resistor to construct a simple ohmmeter circuit such as fig 5. If point x and y are connected, we have a simple series circuit with current through the meter movement coused by voltage source V. The resistor Rz consists of a fixed portion and a variable portion. Cocnnecting point x and y is equivalent to shorting the test probes together on an ohmmeter to zero the instrument before using it. After points x and y are connected the variable part of resistor Rz is adjusted to obtain exactly full scale deflection on the meter movement. Meter DC, by M. Rahmad

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Rz Im Rm 0,9Rz 0,1Rz

Rx

Figure 5. Basic Ohmmeter circuit

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The amplitude of the current thruogh the meter movement can be determined by applying Ohms law as

between points x and y. If we connect the unknown resistorbetween points x znd y, the circuit current is now expressed as

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The current I less than the current Im, because ot the additional resistance Rx. The ratio of I to Im is equal

If we let P represent the ratio of I to Im, we can say that

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=2,9k

Example A 1 mA full scale deflection current meter movement is to be used in an ohmmeter circuit. Internal resistance 100 Ohm and a 3 volt battery will be used in the circuit. Markof the meter face Solution The value of Rz which will limit current to full scale deflection current is

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The value of Rx with 20% full scale deflection is

We will find for the other Rx are: For 40% = 4,5k, 50% = 3k, 75%= 1k

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We can draw the ohmmeter scale, shown in fig.6

12k 4,5k
40%

3k
50%

1k
75%

0%

20%

0
100%

Fig. 6 Ohmmeter scale

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We find two interesting and important facts may be seen from scale ohmmeter. First, the ohmmeter scale is non linier. This is due to the high internal resistance of an ohmmeter. Second, at half scale deflection, the value of Rx is equal to the value of the internal resistance and Rz of an ohmmeter.

Rz =28K Im Rm =2K 0,9Rz 10 Ohm 100 Ohm 1K x y 0,1Rz

Rx

Figure 7. Multiple range ohmmeter

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Example 3
a) In fig. 7 if we want to use measure Rx= 20 on the Rx10 range, V=1,5 volt. Determine the current through the meter. b) Show that this same current flows through the meter movement when a 200 resistor is measured on the Rx10 range. Solution When the ohmmeter is cis set on the Rx1 range, the voltage across the potential combination of resistance is culate as
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The currnt through the meter is

When the ohmmeter is set on the Rx10 range, the voltage across the potential combination of resistance is culculate as

The currnt through the meter is

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The Multimeter
The multimeter or voltohmmetermiliammeter (VOM) is such an instrument. It is a general purpose test instrument that has the necessary circuit to meassure ac and dc voltage, direct current, and resistance.
Fig. 4. Multimeter SUNWA code YX-360TRN
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Parts of multimeter
1. Pointer (to determine the scale ) 2. Zero calibration (0 V and 0 mA) 3. Output additional terminal 4. Switch selektor range 5. Negative Terminal (GND) COM/ for black probe 6. Led indicator/Continuity 7. scale 8. Probe 9. Zero ohm calibration 10.Range of measurement 11.Positive terminal
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Multimeter care
1. Battery check periodically. 2. If the pointer does not move when the probe connect of the resistance measurement range, check the fuse or probe, if broke replaced 3. Do not let the multimeter crashing or fall. 4. Use the measurement range appropriate to measure electrical Aplication ohmmeter 1. To tests electrolytic capacitor 2. for continuity checks 3. to check diode, transistor
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The End
Thank you
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