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Multitude of mechanisms
Insulin Regulation Secretion Uptake or breakdown Beta cells damage
Carbohydrate Facilitates the transport of glucose into muscle and adipose cells Facilitates the conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage in the liver and muscle. Decreases the breakdown and release of glucose from glycogen by the liver
Fat Stimulates lipogenesis- the transport of triglycerides to adipose tissue Inhibits lipolysis prevents excessive production of ketones or ketoacidosis
Low or absent endogenous insulin Dependent on exogenous insulin for life Onset generally < 30 years 5-10% of cases of diabetes Onset sudden
Symptoms: 3 Ps: polyuria, polydypsia,
polyphagia
Risk factors: family history, sedentary lifestyle, obesity and aging Controlled by weight loss, oral hypoglycemic agents and or insulin
metabolic control
Maintain short and long term body weight Reach and maintain normal growth and development Prevent or treat complications Improve and maintain nutritional status Provide optimal nutrition for pregnancy
Consistency and timing of meals Timing of insulin Monitor blood glucose regularly
Weight loss Smaller meals and snacks Physical activity Monitor blood glucose and medications
Carbohydrate
60-70% calories from carbohydrates and
monounsaturated fats
Protein
10-20% total calories
Fat
<10% calories from saturated fat 10% calories from PUFA <300 mg cholesterol
Fiber
20-35 grams/day
Alcohol
Type I limit to 2 drinks/day, with meals Type II substitute for fat calories
Weight control Blood glucose control Prevention and management of short-term and long-term complications of diabetes
Eat starchy foods regularly Eat more fruit and vegetables Reduce animal or saturated fat Cut down on sugar Reduce salt
Use low fat milk Use low fat spread instead of butter Use oil high in unsaturated fat, eg olive oil, rapeseed oil
SATURATED Full fat dairy produce (eg cheese, butter, full cream milk) Pies Biscuits Savoury snacks Lard
Groundnut oil
Cut down on added salt Use alternative seasonings Look out for reduced/low sodium foods, eg bread Avoid salt substitutes
Breakfast