Professional Documents
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Dr MEGHA JAIN
University College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital, Delhi
HEADINGS
Purpose of weaning and extubation. Rationale of predictive indices in weaning. Application of weaning parameters. Methods of weaning. Impediments to weaning. Extubation and terminal weaning.
5. Extubation
6. Reintubation
2. Suspicion
4. SBT
Admit
Discharge
DEFINITIONS
Weaning is the gradual reduction in the level of ventilatory support. Weaning success: effective spontaneous breathing without any mechanical assisstance for 24 hrs or more. Weaning failure: when pt is returned to mechanical ventilation after any length of weaning trial. Signs of weaning failure: abnormal blood gases, diaphoresis, tachycardia, tachypnea, arrythmias, hypotension.
Phase 2:
OXGYGENATION
Criteria of Adequacy PaO2 > 60 mmHg on FIO2 <0.4 at minimal PEEP, PaO2/FIO2>200 Selected causes of failure: Hypoventilation: neurologic injury or drugs V/Q mismatch: severe CHF Anatomic (R-to-L) shunt (e.g. intracardiac, pulmonary A-V malformation).
VENTILATION
Criterion of Adequacy PaCO2 < 50 mmHg or within 8 mmHg of baseline
Selected causes of failure respiratory drive: sedation, drug overdose. resp bellows function: diaph weakness, N-m disease CO2 production without compensatory in alveolar Ve: fever, hypermetabolism, carbohydrate overfeeding - dead space ventilation without compensatory alveolar Ve: PE, bullous emphysema
NEUROPSYCHIATRIC INTEGRITY
Criteria of adequacy Awake, alert, cooperative, with intact gag and swallowing Selected causes of failure Cerebrovascular accident Sleep deprivation/ICU psychosis Drug therapy Depression Psychological dependency on ventilatory support
WEANING CRITERIA
Used to evaluate the readiness of a patient for weaning trial. Common weaning criteria: Ventilatory criteria Oxygenation criteria Pulmonary reserve Pulmonary measurements Other factors
VENTILATORY CRITERIA
PaCO2: VC: Spontaneous VT: Spontaneous RR: Minute ventilation: < 50 mmhg with pH >/= 7.35. > 10 to 15 ml/kg > 5 to 8 ml/kg < 30/min < 10 lts
PaCO2 most reliable indicator VC and spon VT indicate mechanical cond of lungs A high spon RR and MV indicate WOB
OXYGENATION CRITERIA
PaO2 without PEEP PaO2 with PEEP SaO2 Qs/Qt P(A-a)O2 PaO2/FiO2 > 60 mmhg @FiO2 upto 0.4 > 100 mmhg @ FiO2 upto 0.4 > 90% @ FiO2 upto 0.4 < 20% < 350 mmhg > 200 mmhg
Qs/Qt estimate wasted pulmonary perfusion P(A-a)O2 is related to degree of hypoxemia/shunt In pts with anemia or dysfunct Hb, PaO2 and SaO2 dont reflect true oxygenation status So arterial oxygen content should be measured
Pulmonary reserve requires active pt cooperation Pulmonary measurements indicate workload needed to support spont. ventilation
RSBI
First described by Yang and Tobin in 1991. Its a one min. trial of unassisted breathing measured during the T piece trial. Main defect: excessive false +ves Should not be measured until sedative and narcotic effects have adequately abated and the pt. triggers 2 to 3 breaths/min above ventilator set rate. Measure RR and MV for 1 min. during unassisted breathing( 0 PEEP/5 cmH2O PSV). At end of 1 min. divide MV by RR to calculate avg. tidal vol. Divide RR by TV to obtain RSBI.
OTHER FACTORS
Metabolic factors: * Inadequate nutrition protein catabolism * Overfeeding - CO2 production * Phosphate, ? Magnesium deficiency - respi pump functn * Impaired O2 delivery - respi pump functn. Renal function: * Patient should have adeq renal output (> 1000 ml/day) * Monitor electolytes to ensure adequate respi msl functn Cardiovascular function * Ensures sufficient O2 delivery to tissues *Cardiac rate, rhythm, BP, CO and CI should be optimal with minimal pressure support CNS assessment * Assess for LOC, anxiety, dyspnea, motivation * CNS should be intact for protection of airway.
Weaning methods
Spontaneous breathing trial SIMV with pressure support. PSV Rapid ventilator discontinuation: pt.on vent for < 72 hrs., has good spont RR, MV, MIP, f/Vt
SBT for 30 to 120 min. EXTUBATE if no other limiting factor
ADVANTAGES Gradual transition Prevents fatigue Increased pt comfort Weans faster than SIMV alone Every breath is supported Pt can control cycle length, rate and inspiratory flow. Overcomes resistive WOB d/t ET tube and circuit.
DISADVANTAGES Large changes in MV can occur ed MAP versus T-Tube TV not guaranteed
ADVANTAGES
Backup ventilation ensured, Potential to speed weaning compared with SIMV.
DISADVANTAGES
May not ensure efficient pattern of breathing, Rapid shallow breathing possible with MMV.
Static condition single P support level can eliminate ETT resistance Dynamic condition variable flow e.g. tachypnoea & in diff phases of resp. - P support needs to be continously altered to eliminate dynamically changing WOB d/t ETT
1. Feed resistive coef of ETT 2. Feed % compensation desired 3. Measures instantaneous flow
Limitation resistive coef changes in vivo ( kinks, temp molding, secretions) Under/ overcompensation may result.
WOB
ELASTANCE (TV) RESISTANCE (Flow)
Ventilator measures elastance & resistance Clinician sets -Vol. assist % reduces work of elastance Flow assist% reduces work of resistance's
Increased patient effort (WOB) causes increased applied pressure (and flow & volume)
Limitations
1. Elastance (E) & resistance (R) cannot be measured accurately. 2. E & R vary frequently esp in ICU patients. 3. Curves to measure E ( PV curve) & R(P-F curve ) are not linear as assumed by ventilator.
Noninvasive
ventilation without artificial airway -Nasal , face mask adv. 1.Avoid intubation / c/c 2.Preserve natural airway defences 3.Comfort 4.Speech/ swallowing + 5.Less sedation needed 6.Intermittent use Disadv 1.Cooperation 2.Mask discomfort 3.Air leaks 4.Facial ulcers, eye irritation, dry nose 5.Aerophagia 6.Limited P support e.g. BiPAP, CPAP
Beneficial in: ed sedation requirement, articulated speech, allowed orally, enhanced mobility.
Facilitates weaning
Reduces dead space Less airway resistance ed WOB Better suctioning Improved pt comfort
Complications
Misplacement Hemorrhage Obstruction Displacement Impairment of swallowing reflexes Late tracheal stenosis.
Weaning failure
Defined as when pt is returned to mech. Ventilation after any length of weaning trial or is reintubated within 48 hrs following extubation. Causes: 1. ed air flow resistance- ET tube, abdominal distention, tracheal obstruction. 2. ed compliance- atelectasis, ARDS, tension pneumothorax, obesity, retained secretions, bronchospasm, kinking of ETtube. 3. Electrolyte imbalance, inadequate nutrition.
Nutritional status
Malnutrition has adverse effects on the respiratory system respiratory muscle strength and function diaphragmatic mass and contractility endurance
Nutritional status
Overnutrition may impede weaning High CO2 Produced by excessive CHO loading Other causes of increased CO2 production: fever, sepsis, shivering, seizures, and inefficient ventilation due to dead space, PE
Metabolic abnormalities
Hypophosphatemia Hypocalcemia Hypothyroidism
Complications of PMV
Infection Bacterial Pneumonia Line sepsis Volume Overload Laryngeal Edema Pneumothorax Tracheal Bleeding Ileus DVT Additional Complications if Tracheostomy is necessary
Extubation
Discontinuation of invasive PPV involves 2 steps: * separation of pt. from vent. based on assessment of * removal of artificial airway. airway patency & protection
Parameters for airway patency Cuff leak test Qualitative Quantitative audible air leak< 110 ml air leak
Parameters for airway protection Effective cough Secretion volume Mental status
Extubation failure
Defined as need for reinstitution of vent. Support within 24 72 hrs. of ETT removal. Occurs in 2 25 % of pts. Predisposing factors * advanced age * duration of mech. Vent. * anemia * use of cont. IV sedation * semirecumbent positioning after extubation. Find & manage the cause.
Terminal weaning
Defined as withdrawal of mechanical ventilation that results in death of the pt. 3 concerns must be evaluated and discussed * pts informed consent * medical futility * reduction of pain and suffering Carries many ethical and legal implications.
References
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Egans fundamentals of respiratory care 9th ed. International Anaesthesiology Clinics Update on respiratory critical care , vol 37, no 3, 1999. Anaesthesia newsletter ,Indore city ,June 2009, vol 10, no 2 David W Chang, Clinical application of mechanical ventilation 2nd ed Paul L Marino, The ICU Book, 3rd ed. Weaning from mech. Ventilation, Eur. Respi. J 2007; 29: 1033 1056.
THANK YOU
Increase FiO2 (keep SaO2>90%) Increase PEEP to max 20 Identify possible acute lung injury Identify respiratory failure causes
No injury
Adjust RR to maintain PaCO2 = 40 Reduce FiO2 < 50% as tolerated Reduce PEEP < 8 as tolerated Assess criteria for SBT daily Fail SBT
Extubate
Dx/Tx associated conditions (PTX, hemothorax, hydrothorax) Consider adjunct measures (prone positioning, HFOV, IRV)
Continue lung-protective ventilation until: PaO2/FiO2 > 300 Criteria met for SBT
Pass SBT