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Introduction Cryptography
Secret-key algorithms Public-key algorithms Message-Digest algorithms
Digital Signature Digital Certificate Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) Summary
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Introduction
Cryptography and digital certificates are first appeared in closed commercial, financial network and military systems. We can send/receive secure e-mail, connect to secure website to purchase goods or obtain services. Problem: How do we implement them in this global, open network, Internet? To what level of encryption is sufficient to provide safe and trust services on the Net?
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Cryptography
3 cryptographic algorithms:
Message-digest algorithms
Map variable-length plaintext to fixed-length ciphertext. Use one single key to encrypt and decrypt. Use 2 different keys public key and private key.
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Secret-key algorithms
Public-key algorithms
Keys
It is a variable value that is used by cryptographic algorithms to produce encrypted text, or decrypt encrypted text. The length of the key reflects the difficulty to decrypt from the encrypted message.
Key Ciphertext Key
Plaintext
Encryption
Decryption
Plaintext
Key length
It is the number of bits (bytes) in the key. A 2-bit key has four values
00, 01, 10, 11 in its key space
A key of length n has a key space of 2^n distinct values. E.g. the key is 128 bits
101010101010.10010101111111 There are 2^128 combinations
340 282 366 920 938 463 463 374 607 431 768 211 456
Secret-key Encryption
Use a secret key to encrypt a message into ciphertext. Use the same key to decrypt the ciphertext to the original message. Also called Symmetric cryptography.
Secret Key Ciphertext Secret Key
Plaintext
Encryption
Decryption
Plaintext
Encrypted Text +
Original Text
Secret-Key Problem?
All keys need to be replaced, if one key is compromised. Not practical for the Internet environment. On the other hand, the encryption speed is fast. Suitable to encrypt your personal data.
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Secret-Key algorithms
Algorithm Name Blowfish DES IDEA RC2 RC4 RC5 Triple DES
CSC1720 Introduction to Internet
Public-key Encryption
Involves 2 distinct keys public, private. The private key is kept secret and never be divulged, and it is password protected (Passphase). The public key is not secret and can be freely distributed, shared with anyone. It is also called asymmetric cryptography. Two keys are mathematically related, it is infeasible to derive the private key from the public key. 100 to 1000 times slower than secret-key algorithms.
Public Key Ciphertext
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Private Key
Plaintext
Encryption
Decryption
Plaintext
Just an example:
Public Key = 4, Private Key = 1/4, message M = 5 Encryption:
Ciphertext C = M * Public Key 5 * 4 = 20
Decryption:
Plaintext M = C * Private Key 20 * = 5
Public-Private Encryption
Public key Public key stored in the directory First, create public and private key Public Key Directory
Private key Public Key Private key Private key stored in your personal computer
CSC1720 Introduction to Internet 13 All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.
Encrypted Text
Message Encryption
Original Message Encrypted Message
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User A
User B
Encrypted Text
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User B
Original Text
CSC1720 Introduction to Internet 17 All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.
Asymmetric algorithms
Algorithm Name DSA El Gamal RSA Diffie-Hellman Key Length (bits) Up to 448 56 128 Up to 2048
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Computer Resources
One high-performance desktop machine & Software 16 high-end machines & Software 256 high-end machines & Software $1,000,000 hardware budget $1,000,000 hardware budget + advanced technology
Keys / Second
2^17 2^24 2^21 2^24 2^25 2^28 2^43 2^55
Individual Small Attacker Group Weeks Centuries Millennia Infeasible Infeasible Days Decades Centuries Infeasible Infeasible
Distributed.net connects 100,000 PCs on the Net, to get a record-breaking 22 hr 15 min to crack the DES algorithm. Speed: 245 billion keys/s Win $10,000
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Message-Digest Algorithms
It maps a variable-length input message to a fixed-length output digest. It is not feasible to determine the original message based on its digest. It is impossible to find an arbitrary message that has a desired digest. It is infeasible to find two messages that have the same digest.
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Message-Digest How to
A hash function is a math equation that create a message digest from message. A message digest is used to create a unique digital signature from a particular document. MD5 example
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Hash Function
Digest
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Message-Digest
Message-Digest Algorithm MD2 Digest Length (bits) 128
MD4
MD5 Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA)
CSC1720 Introduction to Internet 24
128
128 160
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Digital Signature
It is an electronic stamp or seal that append to the document. Ensure the document being unchanged during transmission.
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Use As private key to sign the document User B received the document with signature attached User B
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Public Key
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Digital Signature
Reference
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Key Management
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Digital Certificates
Digital Certificate is a data with digital signature from one trusted Certification Authority (CA). This data contains:
Who owns this certificate Who signed this certificate The expired date User name & email address
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Digital Certificate
Reference
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A trusted agent who certifies public keys for general use (Corporation or Bank).
User has to decide which CAs can be trusted.
The model for key certification based on friends and friends of friends is called Web of Trust.
The public key is passing from friend to friend. Works well in small or high connected worlds. What if you receive a public key from someone you dont know?
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CA Certificate
CA Certificate
Browser Cert.
Server Cert.
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Bob C
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PKI is a system that uses public-key encryption and digital certificates to achieve secure Internet services. There are 4 major parts in PKI.
Certification Authority (CA) A directory Service Services, Banks, Web servers Business Users
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PKI Structure
Certification Authority Directory services
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4 key services
Confidentiality - Encryption
To make the transaction secure, no one else is able to read/retrieve the ongoing transaction unless the communicating parties.
Integrity - Encryption
To ensure the information has not been tampered during transmission.
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Certificate Signers
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Server authentication is necessary for a web client to identify the web site it is communicating with. To use SSL, a special type of digital certificate Server certificate is used. Get a server certificate from a CA.
E.g. www.hitrust.com.hk, www.cuhk.edu.hk/ca/
Install a server certificate at the Web server. Enable SSL on the Web site. Client authentication Client certificates
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Strong encryption
Encryption methods that cannot be cracked by brute-force (in a reasonable period of time). The world fastest computer needs thousands of years to compute a key.
Weak encryption
A code that can be broken in a practical time frame. 56-bit encryption was cracked in 1999. 64-bit will be cracked in 2011. 128-bit will be cracked in 2107.
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Release in June 1991 by Philip Zimmerman (PRZ) PGP is a hybrid cryptosystem that allows user to encrypt and decrypt. Use session key a random generated number from the mouse movement or keystrokes Demo & Tutorial
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Philip R Zimmermann's Public Keys Current DSS/Diffie-Hellman Key: Key fingerprint: 055F C78F 1121 9349 2C4F 37AF C746 3639 B2D7 795E -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----Version: PGP 7.0.3 mQGiBDpU6CcRBADCT/tGpBu0EHpjd3G11QtkTWYnihZDBdenjYV2EvotgRZAj5h4ewprq1u/zqzGBYpiYL/9j+5XDFcoWF24bzsUmHXsbD Siv+XEyQND1GUdx4wVcEY5rNjkArX06XuZzObvXFXOvqRj6LskePtw3xLf5uj8jPN0Nf6YKnhfGIHRWQCg/0UAr3hMK6zcA/egvWRGsm9d JecD/18XWekzt5JJeK3febJO/3Mwe43O6VNOxmMpGWOYTrhivyOb/ZLgLedqX+MeXHGdGroARZ+kxYq/a9y5jNcivD+EyN+IiNDPD64rl00 FNZksx7dijD89PbIULDCtUpps2J0gk5inR+yzinf+jDyFnn5UEHI2rPFLUbXWHJXJcp0UBACBkzDdesPjEVXZdTRTLk0sfiWEdcBM/5GpNsw MlK4A7A6iqJoSNJ4pO5Qq6PYOwDFqGir19WEfoTyHW0kxipnVbvq4q2vAhSIKOqNEJGxg4DTEKecf3xCdJ0kW8dVSogHDH/c+Q4+RFQ q/31aev3HDy20YayxAE94BWIsKkhaMyokAYQQfEQIAIQUCOlTwWwIHABcMgBE/xzIEHSPp6mbdtQCcnbwh33TcYQAKCRDHRjY5std5Xl e4AKCh1dqtFxD/BiZMqdP1eZYG8AZgTACfU7VX8NpIaGmdyzVdrSDUo49AJae0IlBoaWxpcCBSLiBaaW1tZXJtYW5uIDxwcnpAbWl0LmV kdT6JAFUEEBECABUFAjpU6CcFCwkIBwMCGQEFGwMAAAAACgkQx0Y2ObLXeV5WUQCfWWfTDHzSezrDawgN2Z4Qb7dHKooAoJyV nm61utdRsdLr2e6QnV5Z0yjjiQBGBBARAgAGBQI6VOkSAAoJEGPLaR3669X8JPcAnim4+Hc0oteQZrNUeuMSuirNVUr7AKC1WXJI7gwM q0Agz07hQs++POJBMokARgQQEQIABgUCOlcobQAKCRDXjLzlZqdLMVBtAKDa5VPcb6NVH6tVeEDJUv+tBjp6oACeLoNtfbs2rvJkgKDH WEIDmJdgy2GJAD8DBRA6WP4Y8CBzV/QUlSsRAkmdAKC3TfkSSeh+poPFnMfW+/Y/+AAEEpGSUYAAQEAAAEAAQAA/9sAQwAKBwc IBwYKCAgICwoKCw4YEA4NDQ4dFRYRGCMfJSQiHyIhJis3LyYpNCkhIjBBMTQ5Oz4+PiUuRElDPEg3PT47///EALUQAAIBAwMCBAMFB .. QQEAAABfQECAwAEEQUSITFBBhNRYQcicRQygZk5SVlpeYmZqio6Slpqeoqaqys7S1tre4ubrCw8TFxsfIycrS09TV1tfY2drh4uPk5ebn6On q8fLz9PX29/j5+v/EAB8BAAMBAQEBAQEBAQEAAAAAAAABAgMEBQYHCAkKC//EALURAAIBAgQEAwQHBQQEAAECdwABAgMRBAU hMQYSQVEHYXETIjKBCBRCkaGxwQkjM1LwFWJy0QoWJDThJfEXGBkaJicoKSo1Njc4OTpDREVGR0hJSlNUVVZXWFlaY2RlZmdoaWp zdHV2d3h5eoKDhIWGh4iJipKTlJWWl5iZmqKjpKWmp6ipqrKztLW2t7i5usLDxMXGx8jJytLT1NXW19jZ2uLj5OXm5+jp6vLz9PX29/j5+v/aAA wDAQACEQMRAD8A9mooooAKKKKACsjW/Eum6FGTdS7pcfLEv3j/AIfjWV428XHQrf7HY4e/lHXIxEvqfevH7y8lupXmmuJppWOZJC+AD9 aly7GkIX1Z3OpfE3Up3K2EUVumcdN7fy/pWLL4415wPM1GWPJyNpK/0Fc5btG/Pktkfx7yTVhYAGLsAxbryf5c5rNvzNlG3Q6yz8ZaxEyudQ kcZ+7JtYH867PRfG9nfIsd7/o8p/iI+U/4V5EI/IGV+XUGfnHy9iUsiGSa6q6Jew1XpTDJvAAICDACNUV4K2PS6h574Z3NaBsIQe5jkVO48MS ohjC6s29CjPhlU79cQIYWmBpuNfwroZ6zltyz6Y2Fm65V0IfvVicR7zvFFCOhahMuk1cr+Qp936OMEq9sLZGxTjClgwrHGS7YpMSZrEC7bp OmERjo4F/n5YmCHJCH8QzCOc9+80gjVEsHiJVABrC8yykjKL5x1V/PSArE4QtMLbkBPGmQYOw8bx6jCHoO43QjUzbqRfBMHZqWVJyoII ZCp+n13XM4+NO/cDVsZ8bjch0LIOyMrT85n24yfXRlP0s7BFjLm59Jjhf4djuJWikJawWETlypAy86OYRRuwCbIyNauBeTKy+avZvF2oLvpw H4UnudpC06/O0jkj2lQpn9EEUw11RwO6sq9zYTwAUyKerN00cbCfyiZl01CIo0btcTO6hQK3c67PaloJ9lVH8/mH7LuqkMLDH5ugkpzmed/8 SorfqVkakne6b4mRySFCBXaVZoKmDHzcH2oSSMhM9exyh6dzi1bGu6JAEwEGBECAAwFAjpU6CcFGwwAAAAACgkQx0Y2ObLXeV7lb QCg+N+fI3bzqF9+fB50J5sFHVHM7hYAn0+9AfDl5ncnr4D7 ReMDlYoIZwRR =Bgy+ -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
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PGP encryption
Reference
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PGP decryption
Reference
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Provide an encrypted secure channel between client and server. Replacement for telnet and ftp. Reference: SSH
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This protocol is developed by Visa and MasterCard specifically for the secure credit card transactions on the Internet. SET encrypts credit card and purchase information before transmission over the Internet. SET allows the merchants identify be authenticated via digital certificates, also allows the merchant to authenticate users through their digital certificates (more difficult to someones stolen credit card). SET DEMO
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SET FAQs
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SET
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Privacy-Enhanced E-mail
Encrypted Signed
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Summary
Understand which Public/Private key should be used to encrypt/decrypt message to/from you? Discuss PGP, SET, SSH, encrypted email.
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References
Digital Certificate (Applied Internet Security) By Feghhi, Feghhi, Williams Addison Wesley Basic Crytography Digital Signature PKI Resources SET Resources General Definitions Digital ID FAQ
The End. Thank you for your patience!
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