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An antenna is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. Antenna which is connected to transmitter is called transmitting antenna. Antenna which is connected to receiver is called receiving antenna.
Panel antenna is always be a vertical in position. There are numbers of groups of long array antenna which is mounted on a panel antenna and all these antennas are connected to a port which has 7/8 size and of female coaxial type. Input impedance = 50
1.
a) b) c)
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h)
GSM 900 GSM 1800 GSM 1900 GSM 2100 GSM 800 CDMA 850 WCDMA (FOR 3G) LTE AND WIMAX (FOR 3G)
GSM 900+CDMA 850 c) GSM 1800+CDMA 850 There can be any two combination of different bands in dual band panel antenna.
This supports three frequency band or three different frequencies. GSM 900+CDMA+WCDMA There can be any three combination of different bands in triple band panel antenna.
7/8 F 50
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In Quad port antenna there are four ports. Two different band frequency can be used. Two ports are used for only one type of band.
GSM 900
CDMA
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CDMA
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Gsm 800
cdma
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+45
-45
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+45
-45
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polarization.
45
45
45
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Single port antenna never be a cross polarized antenna. One port in dual port antenna is - 45 and other is +45 . This is most commonly used antenna.
-45 +45
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An omnidirectional antenna is a class of antenna which radiates radio wave power uniformly in all directions in one plane. We use this In Building sites (IBS site).
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An antenna that radiates or receives most of its energy in only two directions. We use this type of antenna to cover highways or railways lines.
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TYPES
a)
a)
a)
down tilt
electric tilt
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KATHEREIN
ANDREW
1. It is the leader in manufacturing 1.It is on the second in the list. of antennas. 2. This belongs to Germany 3. Electrical tilt is Knob Type 4. Clamp size is 3 inch. 5. Antenna Port is at Bottom or at back center. 6. Two clamp are used.(Top and bottom) 7. Antenna color-cream 2. This belongs to USA 3. Electrical tilt is Hook Type. 4. Clamp size is upto 6 inch. 5. Antenna Port is at back center or at bottom. 6. Three clamp are used.(Top, bottom and back centre) 7. Antenna color-greenish grey
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1.
a) b) c)
ANTENNA HEIGHTIt can be measured from centre of antenna to the ground. It can be of different height. Same method for GBT and RTT.
Center of antenna
GBT
ground
RTT
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2. AZIMUTHwise direction.
North
Sector I
Sector II
Sector III
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Separator
Down tilt
Up tilt
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4. ELECTRICAL TILT-(0 to 10 ) normally it should be (2-4 ). Electrical tilt hook or knob is used.
Electric Knob
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There is numeric or alphanumeric code written on the antenna. We have to verify that code before installation of the antenna.
S1 26m 20 0 3
S2 28m 180 0 2
S3 32m 270 0 4
Antenna Type
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RF CABLE:-It is basic type of cable used for carrying signals. TRANSMISSION LINE:-A transmission line is a cable
through which signals are send.
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1.
Equipment to Antenna:-The cable which is connected to the Equipment and antenna is called Antenna Line/RF Line/Feeder Line. Equipment to Equipment:-The cable which is connected to Equipment to Equipment is called IF Line/PCM Line.
2.
A N T E N N A
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1.
Co-axial cable.
a) b) Co-axial is a type of cable that has inner conductor surrounding by insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular conducting shield. Coaxial cable is used as a transmission line for radio frequency signals. Coaxial cable also provides protection of the signal from external electromagnetic interference.
c)
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1.
Co-axial cable.
Inner core
Outer core
Soft insulation
Outer insulation
Inner core
Soft insulation
Inner core- pure copper Soft insulation- white color form type. Outer core- Tind copper mash kind shield. Outer insulation- black color hard insulation. Impedance- 75 (unbalanced type). Size- less than . Example- BNC,TNC,SMZ,SMB,RG-6
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2.
Cu RF Cable/Feeder cable.
a) b) c) Inner core is made up of pure copper. Size of inner core is large. Flexibility of this cable is good.
Inner core
Outer core
Soft insulation
Outer insulation
Cross sectional view of cu RF cable
Outer core
36 Soft insulation
2.
Cu RF Cable/Feeder cable.
Inner core- pure copper cylindrical tube (hollow type). Soft insulation- white color form type. Outer core- pure copper cylindrical tube. Outer insulation- black color hard insulation. Impedance- 50. Size of cable- 7/8 or 5/4. Example- CAT-5, Ribbon Cable
Properties of Cu RF cable
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2.
Cu RF Cable/Feeder cable.
The size of inner core is large and copper is used so current conduction is more on surface then its conductivity increase and resistivity decrease hence cost will decrease due to hollow type. To increase the flexibility we have the sinusoidal type of cable. This type of cable can regain its shape due to flexibility.
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3.
Soft insulation
3.
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4.
Leaky Cable
A leaky cable is a communications system used in tunnels and underground mining. It consists of a coaxial cable runs along the tunnel which emits and receives radio waves functioning as an antenna. This is also used for underground mobile communication in tunnels.
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1. 2. 3. 4.
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