Membran luar permiabel terhadap berbagai substansi

yang mempunyai berat molekul berkisar 5.000 dalton

Permiabilitas membran dalam terbatas, khususnya terhadap

substansi-substansi dengan berat molekul berkisar 100-150
dalton (Sheeler & Bianchi, 1983).
C6H 12O 6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2
+ E ner gi
1.
Molekul-
Perombakan
molekul Intermediat CO2
molekul
orgamik

Enzim
2. Oksidasi
(Dehidrogenasi)
Donor H
H2O
& O2

Pemindahan
energi ATP
3. (Fosforilasi)
ADP, P
Reaksi Enzim Koenzim, ion energi Dihambat oleh
1. Fosforilase pati P an -
2. Fosfoglikomutase Mg++ -
3. Glukokinase Mg++ , ATP Dialisa
4. Fosfohexose-isomerase - -
5. Fruktokinase Mg++ , ATP -
Mg++ , ATP
6. Fosfofruktokinase Dialisa
-
7. Aldolase -
-
8. Isomerase -
NAD/NADP , P an
9. 3-Fosfogliseraldehida Iodoasetat
dehidrogenase
ADP, Mg++
10. Fosfogliserokinase Dialisa
Mg++
11. Fosfogliseromutase -
Mg++
12. Enolase Mg++ , K+ , ADP NaF
13. Piruvat kinase - -
14. Asetildehida dekarboxilase Zn++ , NAD/NADP -
15. Alkohol dehidrogenase -
 Hidrat
Glukosa
arang

As. Amino
Gliserol As. Piruvat (3C)

Lemak Protein

Asetil As. Amino

As. Lemak CoA (3C)

Siklus
Krebs

CO2
1 2 3
Dalam Keadaan Aerob, Jalur Shuttle DHAP-
Gliserol fosfat, NADH ekuivalen 2 ATP.
 Dalam Keadaan Aerob, Jalur Shuttle
Oksaloasetat-Malat, NADH ekuivalen 3 ATP
Stage 1
Hexokinase

Phosphoglucose
isomerase

Phosphofructo-
kinase

Aldolase

TIM
Phosphoryl transfer reaction. Kinases transfer phosphate from ATP to
an acceptor. Hexokinase has a more general specificity in that it can
transfer phosphate to other sugars such as mannose.
The conversion of an aldose to a ketose.
Stage 2
Glyceraldehyde-
3-phosphate
dehydrogenase

Phosphoglycerate
kinase

Phosphoglycerate
mutase

Enolase

Pyruvate kinase
Dehydration reaction
Nicotinamide 
adenine 
dinucleotide
 Glucose + 2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2Pi­­>
2 pyruvate + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2ATP + 2H2O
Cellular respiration is the process of breaking down glucose to produce carbon dioxide,
water and ATP.
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces 32 ATP molecules per glucose.
Homolactic fermentation (muscle)

Alcoholic fermentation (yeast)

Step 1: Citrate synthase
Condensation of
oxaloacetate and acetyl-
CoA.
ΔG°’ = -31.5 kJ/mol
Citrate synthase mechanism
Step 2: Aconitase
Reversible
isomerization,
dehydration/hydration
mechanism
Step 3: Isocitrate
dehydrogenase
Oxidative
decarboxylation,
generation of NADH
Step 4: α-Ketoglutarate
dehydrogenase
Oxidative
decarboxylation, similar
to PDH (share E3)
Step 5: Succinyl-CoA
synthetase
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Step 6: Succinate
dehydrogenase
Oxidation of alkane to
alkene, membrane
bound!
Step 7: Fumarase
Hydration reaction
Step 8: Malate
dehydrogenase
Regeneration of malate,
endergonic
Quosien Respirasi (QR) dapat dihitung
dengan menggunakan rasio :

Vol. dari CO2 dihasilkan

QR =
Vol. dari O2 digunakan
 Temperatur
 Oksigen
 CO2
 Cahaya
 Garam-garam anorganik
 Stimulasi mekanik
 Luka
 Infeksi
 Keadaan protoplasma
 Bahan bakar
 Hidrasi
 Respiration Steps
1. Rantai transpor
elektron
 Fosforilasi oksidatif
 Rangkaian protein di
dalam mitokondria
membantu
memindahkan
elektron (e) dari
NADH ke oksigen.
Melepaskan
sejumlah energi
 Berlangsung pada
membran dalam
mitokondria (Protein
terikat membran) http://www.uccs.edu/~rmelamed/MicroFall2002/Chapter%205/ch05.htm
 Respiration Steps
 Energi yang
dilepaskan
digunakan untuk
reaksi ADP + P
→ ATP
 Sejumlah ATP
dihasilkan
 Oksigen
diperlukan
untuk langkah
ini
 Dihasilkan air http://www.uccs.edu/~rmelamed/MicroFall2002/Chapter%205/ch05.htm
 Redox Reactions
Didasarkan pada perpindahan elektron sepanjang reaksi kimia

Relokasi elektron melepaskan energi, disimpan didalam molekul

makanan dan energi ini digunakan untuk sintesis ATP

Perpindahan elektron disebut reaksi oksidasi reduksi (reaksi

redoks)

Pelepasan eektron dari suatu unsur disebut oksidasi

Penambahan elektron kepada unsur yang lain disebut reduksi

 B. NAD+ Is a Carrier of
Electrons
 Electrons received by NAD+ and
FAD are high-energy electrons
and are carried to the electron
transport system.
C. Metabolic Pathways
Are Required
 Glycolysis is the breakdown of
glucose to two molecules of
pyruvate.
 1) Enough energy is released for
immediate buildup of two ATP.
 2) Glycolysis takes place outside
the mitochondria and does not
utilize oxygen.
C. Metabolic Pathways
Are Required
 The Transition Reaction: pyruvate
is oxidized to an acetyl group and
CO2 is removed.
C. Metabolic Pathways
Are Required
 The Krebs Cycle
 1) This series of reactions gives
off CO2 and produces ATP.
 2) Produces two immediate ATP
molecules per glucose molecule.
C. Metabolic Pathways
Are Required
 The Electron Transport System
 1) Series of carriers accepts
electrons from glucose; electrons
are passed from carrier to carrier
until received by oxygen.
 2) Electrons pass from higher to
lower energy states, energy is
released and stored for ATP
production.
 3) Oxygen (O2) is reduced to
water (H2O).
 SISTEM
TRANSPOR
ELEKTRON

SISTEM
TRANSPOR
ELEKTRON
Electron Transport
Chain
Step 4: Electron Transport
& Oxidative
Phosphorylation
 The pathway of electrons from one
carrier to another is called ____ ____
_____;
 Each electron carrier passes its
electrons to the next carrier (bucket
brigade)
 Most of the electrons to the electron
transport chain are received from what
cycle?
 A reduced carrier becomes oxidized
when it gives up its electrons (forms
How Do Cells Harvest Energy?
 Proton gradient — flow of electrons
through the electron transport chain
creates this gradient (ATP is made
from this gradient)
 Chemiosmosis — harnessing of the
energy stored in the chemical
gradient; some machinery in the
membrane must do this process
Generating a Proton
Gradient
 Mitochondria —
inner and outer
membrane
 Intermembrane
space — space
between 2
membranes
 Matrix — space w/n
the inner
membrane; makes
up about 2/3 of the
volume; ETC is
embedded in this
 Pumping Protons

 pH & cytochromes assist w/

transport of electrons.
 Gradient is produced when…..
ATP Synthase
 Proton complex
 Protons flow
through these
channels back into
the matrix
 Works like a
turbine
 Uses energy to
make ATP
Fragments of Inner
Membrane