Coracobrachialis

Tip of coracoid process of scapula

Middle third of medial surface of humerus

Helps flex & adduct arm; resists dislocation of shoulder

Musculocutaneous nerv C5 C6 C7

Brachialis
Distal half of anterior surface of humerus

Coronoid process & ulna tuberosity

Flexes forearm in all positions

Musculocutaneous nerve C5, C6 & Radial nerve C5, C7

Aconeus
Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Lateral surface of olecranon & superior part of posterior surface of ulna

Assists triceps in extending forearm; stabilises elbow joint

Radial nerve C5, C7

Brachioradialis
Proximal two thirds of supraepicondylar ridge of humerus

Lateral surface of distal end of radius proximal to styloid process

Weak flexion of arm when forearm is in midpronated position

Radial nerve C5, C6, C7

Supinator
Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Lateral surface of olecranon & superior part of posterior surface of ulna

Assists triceps in extending forearm; stabilises elbow joint

Radial nerve C5, C7

Pronator Teres
Humeral head: medial supracondylar ridge & medial epicondyle of the humerus
Ulna head: medial border of the coronoid process of the ulna

Middle of lateral surface of the radius (pronator tuberosity)

Pronates & flexes forearm

Median nerve C6, C7

Pronator Quadratus
Distal quarter of anterior surface of ulna

Distal quarter of anterior surface of radius

Pronates forearm, deep fibers bind radius & ulna together

Median nerve C8, T1

Flexor Carpi Radialis

Medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor origin)

Base of 2nd metacarpal

Flexes & abducts hand at wrist

Median nerve C6, C7

Longissimus Capitis (Erector Spinae)

TPs T1-T5, articular processes of vertebrae C4-C7 Mastoid process of occiput bone Extends and rotates head Posterior rami spinal nerves

Longissimus cervicis (E. Spinae) TPs to TPs

TPs of T1-T5 vertebrae TPs C2-C6 Extension, lateral flexion of vertebral column Posterior rami spinal nerves

Longissimus Thoracis (E. Spinae)TPs to TPs

Posterior & medial iliac crest, transverse processes of all lumbar spine and TLF TPs of all thoracic vertebrae, between angles & tubercles lower 10 ribs Extension, lateral flexion of vertebral column, rotates ribs for forceful inspiration Posterior rami spinal nerves

Semispinalis Capitis Transversospinalis

TPs-SPs

TPs of C4-C6 vertebrae Between superior & inferior nuchal lines of the occipital bone Extends and rotates head Posterior rami of spinal nerves

Semispinalis Cervicis Transversospinalis

TPs-SPs

TPs of T1-T6 vertebrae SPs C2-C5 Extends and rotates vertebral column Posterior rami of spinal nerves

Semispinalis Thoracis Transversospinalis

TPs to SPs

TPs of C7-T12 SPs of C6-T4 Extends & rotates vertebral column Posterior rami of spinal nerves

Spinalis Capitis (E. Spinae) SPs to SPs

SP of C6
Between superior & inferior nuchal lines of the occipital bone Acting bilaterally: extend neck Acting unilaterally: laterally flex the neck

Posterior rami of spinal nerves

Spinalis Cervicis (E. Spinae) SPs to SPs

Ligamentum nuchae & SP of C7
SP of C2

Acting bilaterally: extend vertebral neck Acting unilaterally: laterally flex neck
Posterior rami of spinal nerves

Spinalis Thoracis (E. Spinae) SPs of SPs

SPs of T11 - L2 SPs of T1-T8 Acting bilaterally: extend vertebral column and head Acting unilaterally: laterally flex the vertebral column Posterior rami of spinal nerves

Iliocostalis Thoracis (E. Spinae)

Angle of lower 6 ribs

TPs of C7

Extension & lateral flexion of vertebral column. Rotates ribs for forceful expiration

Posterior rami of spinal nerves

Iliocostalis Cervicus (E. Spinae)

Angle of ribs 3-6

TPs C4 C6

Extension & lateral flexion of neck.

Posterior rami of spinal nerves

Iliocostalis Lumborum (E. Spinae)

Medial & lateral sacral crests. Medial part of illiac crest.

Angles of lower 6 ribs

Extension & lateral flexion of vertebral column. Rotates ribs for forceful inspiration.

Posterior rami of spinal nerves

Rotators
Proximal Transverse processes of each vertebra Distal Brevis: base of spinous processes of next vertebra Longus: base of spinous processes of vertebra 2 above Action Extends and rotates vertebral column

Nerve Posterior rami of spinal nerves

Multifidus
Common origin of erector spinae, TPs of T1-T3 & articular processes of C4-C7 SPs of 2-4 segments above. Thickest in lumbar spine Stabilizes vertebrae during movement of vertebral column Posterior rami of spinal nerves

Interspinales
Cervical region: spinous processes of C3-C7

Thoracic region: spinous processes T1T3 & T11 T12 thoracic vertebrae
Cervical region: spinous processes L2 L5

Spinous processes of next vertebra superior to origin

Extends and rotates column Dorsal Primary Divisions of spinal nerves

Trapezius
Medial third of superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes and supraspinous ligaments of seventh cervical and all thoracic vertebrae C7T12 Upper part - lateral third of clavicle Middle part - acromion and spine of scapula Lower part - medial portion of spine of scapula (tubercle) Upper part - elevates scapula Middle part - retracts scapula, Lower part - depresses scapula Accessory (eleventh cranial), C3, C4

Levator Scapulae
Proximal Posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of C1-C4 Distal Superior part of medial border of the scapula

Action Elevates scapula and tilts glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula
Nerve Dorsal scapular nerve (C5)

Latissimus Dorsi
Proximal Spinous processes of T7-T12, spinous processes of all lumbar and sacral vertebrae (via thoracolumbar fascia), supraspinal ligament and iliac crest, outer surfaces of lower three or four ribs, inferior angle of scapula Distal Floor of bicipital groove Action Extends, adducts and medially rotates humerus. Raises body when climbing Nerve Thoracodorsal nerve C6, C7, C8

Rhomboid Major
Proximal Spinous processes of T2T5 vertebrae and ligamentum nuchae Distal Medial border of scapula from below the spine to inferior angle Action Retracts scapula and rotate it to depress glenoid cavity; fix scapula to thoracic wall Nerve Dorsal Scapula nerve C4-C5

Rhomboid Minor
Proximal Spines of the C7 T1 vertebrae, lower part of the ligamentum nuchae Distal Medial border of the scapula at level of spine

Action Retracts, rotates and stabilizes scapula, elevates the medial border of the scapula
Nerve Dorsal scapular nerve C4-C5

Serratus Posterior Superior

Proximal Spinous processes & supraspinous ligament C7-T1 vertebrae Distal Posterior aspect of ribs 2-4 Action Assists forced inspiration?? Nerve Anterior primary rami T2-T5

Serratus Posterior Inferior

Proximal Spinous processes of T11-L2 vertebrae Distal Posterior aspect of ribs 9-12 Action Assists in forced inspiration?? Nerve Anterior primary rami T9-T12

Quadratus Lumborum
Proximal Inferior border of 12th rib Distal Transverse processes of L1-4, Iliolumbar ligament, posterior 1/3 of iliac crest Action Fixes 12th rib in respiration, side bends trunk Nerve Anterior primary rami T12-L3

Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor

Proximal Posterior arch of atlas Distal Medial part of inferior nuchal line of occipital bone Action Extends head Nerve Suboccipital nerve

Rectus Capitus Posterior Major

Proximal Spinous process of axis Distal Lateral part of inferior nuchal line of occipital bone Action Extends and rotates head Nerve Suboccipital nerve

Obliquus Capitis Inferior

Proximal Spinous process of axis Distal Transverse process of atlas Action Rotates the head Nerve Suboccipital nerve

Obliquus Capitis Superior

Proximal Transverse process of atlas Distal Occipital bone between inferior and superior nuchal lines

Action Extends head and flexes head laterally to the same side (ipsilaterally) Nerve Suboccipital nerve

Thoracolumbar Fascia
Posterior Lumbar SPs, supraspinous ligament Middle Tips of lumbar TPs, intertransverse ligaments, iliac crest & inferior border of 12th rib adjoining lumbocostal ligament Anterior Anterior surface lumbar TPs, iliolumbar ligament, iliac crest

Tibialis Anterior
Lateral tibial condyle, superior half of lateral tibia, interosseous membrane

Medial & inferior surfaces of medial cuneiform,base of 1st metatarsal

Dorsiflexes ankle, inverts foot

Deep fibular nerve L4, L5

Extensor Hallucis Longus

Middle 1/2 of anterior fibula & interosseous membrane

Dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of the great toe

Extends great toe, dorsiflexes ankle

Deep fibular nerve L4, L5

Fibularis Tertius
Inferior 1/3 of surface of fibula, interosseous membrane.

Dorsum base of fifth metatarsal

Dorsiflexes ankle, inverts foot

Deep fibular nerve L4, L5

Fibularis Longus
Head & superior 2/3 of lateral surface of fibula

Base of 1st metatarsal & medial cuneiform

Everts foot, weakly plantarflexes the ankle

Superficial fibular nerve L5, S1, S2

Fibularis Brevis
Inferior 2/3 of lateral surface of fibula

Dorsal surface of tuberosity on lateral surface base of the 5th metatarsal

Everts foot, weakly plantar flexes ankle

Superficial fibualr nerve L5, S1, S2

Flexor Digitorum Longus

Medial part of posterior tibia inferior to soleal line

Bases of distal phalanges of lateral 4 digits

Flexes lateral 4 digits, plantarflexes ankle,

Tibial nerve S2, S3

Flexor Hallucis Longus

Inferior 2/3 of fibula posterior surface & interosseous membrane

Bases of distal phlanges of the great toe

Flexes great toe, weakly plantarflexes the ankle

Tibial nerve S2, S3

Plantaris
Inferior end of lateral supracondylar line of femur, oblique popliteal ligament

Posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

Plantar flexes ankle (by weakly assisting gastrocnemius)

Tibial nerve S1, S2

Popliteus
Lateral surface of lateral condyle of femur

Posterior surface of tibia superior to the soleal line

Weakly flexes knee. Unlocks knee by rotating 5 degree on fixed tibia Medially rotates tibia on unplanted leg.

Tibial nerve L4, L5, S1

Extensor Digitorum Longus

Lateral tibial condyle & superior 3/4 of fibula & interosseous membrane

Middle & distal phalanges of lateral four toes via extensor expansions

Extends lateral 4 toes, dorsiflexes ankle

Deep fibular nerve L4, L5

Gastrocnemius
Lateral head: lateral aspect of lateral condyle of femur Medial head: superior to medial femoral condyle

Dorsum of calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon

Flexes leg, plantar flex ankle when extended

Tibial nerve S1, S2

Soleus
Posterior aspect of head & upper shaft of fibula, soleal line to medial border of the tibia

Dorsum of the calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon

Plantarflex the foot independent of knee position

Tibial nerve S1, S2

Tibialis Posterior
Interosseous membrane, posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line, posterior surface of fibula

Navicular tuberosity. Cuneiform, cuboid & sustentaculumtali of the calcaneus. Bases of 2nd, 3rd and 4th metatarsals.

Plantarflexes ankle, inverts foot

Tibial nerve L4, L5

Obturator Internus
Posterior surface of obturator membrane & margin of obturator foramen

Trochanteric fossa of femur

Laterally rotates thigh, abducts thigh

Nerve to obturator internus L5, S1

Psoas Major
Sides of vertebral bodies T12-L5, TPs of all lumbar vertebrae

Lesser trochanter of femur

Flexes thigh, stabilises hip, flexes vertebral column

Anterior rami of lumber nerves L1, L2, L3

Piriformis
Anterior surface of sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament

Upper border of greater trochanter

Laterally rotates thigh, abducts thigh, steadies femoral head

Anterior rami of S1, S2

Gemellus Superior
Ischial spine

Trochanteric fossa of femur

Laterally rotates thigh

Nerve to obturator internus L5, S1

Gemellus Inferior
Ischial tuberosity

Trochanteric fossa of femur

Laterally rotates thigh

Femoral nerve L2-L4

Gluteus Maximus
Ilium posterior to posterior gluteal line, posterior surface of sacrum & coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament

Upper fibres: iliotibial tract

Lower fibres: gluteal tuberosity

Extends thigh (especially from flexed position). Laterally rotates thigh

Inferior gluteal nerve L5, S1, S2

Gluteus Medius
External surface of ilium between posterior & anterior gluteal lines

Lateral surface of greater trochanter

Abducts & medially rotates femur. Keeps pelvis level when walking

Superior gluteal nerve L5-S2

Gluteus Minimus
External surface of the ilium between the anterior & interior gluteal lines

Greater trochanter of femur

Abducts & medially rotates femur

Superior gluteal nerve L5, S1

Quadratus Femoris
Lateral border of ischial tuberosity

Quadrate tubercle on intertrochanetric crest and area inferior to it

Laterally rotates thigh, and steadies femoral head in acetabulum

Nerve to quadratus femoris L5, S1

Iiacus
Iliac crest, iliac fossa, ala of sacrum, anterior SI joints

Tendon of psoas major, lesser trochanter

Flexes thigh, stabilises hip Femoral nerve L2, L3

Subclavius
Junction of 1st rib & its costal cartilage

Inferior middle surface of middle third of clavicle

Anchors and depresses clavicle

Nerve to subclavius C5, C6

Deltoid
Lateral third of clavicle, acromion & spine of scapula

Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

Clavicular part: flexes & medially rotates arm

Acromial part: Adducts arms Spinal part: extends & laterally rotates arm

Axillary nerve C5, C6

Teres Major
Posterior surface of inferior angle of scapula

Medial lip of bicipital groove of humerus

Adducts and medially rotates arm

Lower subscapular nerve C5, C6

Triceps brachii
Long head: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula Lateral head: posterior surface of humerus, superior to radial groove Medial head: posterior surface of humerus, inferior to radial groove

Proximal surface of olecranon process of ulna

Chief extensor of forearm: long head resists dislocation of humerus; especially important during adduction

Radial nerve C6, C7, C8

Subscapularis (rotator cuff)

Subscapular fossa (most of anterior surface of scapula)

Lesser tubercle of humerus

Medially rotates arm, as part of rotator cuff, helps hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity

Lower subscapular nerve C5, C6

Infraspinatus (rotator cuff)

Infraspinous fossa of scapular

Middle facet of greater tubercle of humerus

Laterally rotates arm and acts with rotator cuff muscles

Suprascapular nerve C5, C6

Teres Minor (rotator cuff)

Middle part of lateral border of scapular

Inferior facet of greater tubercle of humerus

Laterally rotates arm & acts as with rotator cuff muscles

Axillary nerve C5, C6

Supraspinatus (rotator cuff)

Supraspinatus fossa of scapula

Superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus

Abduction of arm, acts with rotator cuff muscle

Subscapular nerve C4, C5, C6

Biceps brachii
Short head: tip of coracoid process of scapular Long head: supraglenoid tubercle of scapular

Tuberosity of radius & fascia of forearm via bicipital aponeurosis

Supinates forearm & flexes forearm when supine. Short head resists dislocation of shoulder

Musculocutaneous nerve C5, C6, C7

Coracobrachialis
Tip of coracoid process of scapula

Middle third of medial surface of humerus

Helps flex & adduct arm; resists dislocation of shoulder

Musculocutaneous nerve C5, C6, C7

Rectus femoris (quadriceps)

Straight head: AIIS Reflected head: ilium superior to the acetabulum

Patella and tibial tuberosity (via quadriceps tendon)

Extends leg, steadies hip, assists psoas major in flexing thigh

Femoral nerve L2, L3, L4

Vastus Lateralis (quadriceps)

Lateral lip of the linea aspera, greater trochanter

Quadriceps tendon attaching to the patella & then tibial tuberosity. Attaches to tibia via patella retinacula.

Extends knee

Femoral nerve L2, L3, L4

Vastus Medialis (quadriceps)

Medial lip of linea aspera, intertrochanteric line

Quadriceps tendon attaching to the patella & then tibial tuberosity. Attaches to tibia via patella retinacula.

Extends knee

Femoral Nerve L2, L3, L4

Vastus Intermedius (quadriceps)

Anterior lateral surface of shaft of femur

Patella and tibial tuberosity (via the patellar ligament)

Extends knee

Femoral nerve L2, L3, L4

Obturator Externus
Anterior margins of obturator foramen (ischio-pubic ramus) & obturator membrane

Trochanteric fossa of femur

Laterally rotates thigh, stabilises hip joint

Obturator nerve L3-L4

Pectineus
Superior ramus of pubis

Pectineal line (between lesser trochanter & linea aspera)

Adducts, flexes thigh, assists medial rotation

Femoral nerve L2, L3

Biceps Femoris (hamstrings)

Long Head: lower facet of ischial tuberosity & associated sacrotuberous ligament Short Head: lower half of lateral lip of linea aspera to superior aspect of lateral supra condylar line

Lateral side of head fibula, lateral condyle of tibia

Extends hip, flexes knee, rotates leg medially when knee is flexed Superior gluteal nerve L5, S1, S2

Adductor Longus
Body of pubis inferior to the pubic crest

Middle 1/3 of linea aspera of femur

Adducts, flexes the extended hip & extends the flexed hip

Obturator nerve L2, L3, L4

Semitendinosus
Lower medial facet of lateral section of ischial tuberosity

Medial surface of superior part of tibia (pes anserinus)

Extends femur, flexes the knee & rotates it medially when the knee is flexed, capable of flexing trunk

Tibial nerve L5, S1, S2

Semimembranosus (hamstrings)
Ischial tuberosity

Posterior part of medial condyle of tibia; reflected attachment forms oblique popliteal ligament

Extends femur, flexes the knee & rotates it medially when the knee is flexed, capable of flexing trunk

Tibial division of sciatic nerve L2, L3, L4

Adductor Magus
Adductor part: Inferior ramus of pubis, ramus of ischium
Hamstring part: ischial tuberosity

Adductor part: gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line Hamstring part: adductor tubercle of femur

Adducts thigh. adductor part = flexes thigh. hamstring part: extends thigh

Adductor part: Obturator nerve L2, L3, L4 Hamstring part: Tibial nerve L4

Adductor Brevis
Body and inferior ramus of pubis

Pectineal line, linea aspera upper 1/3

Adducts, flexes and medially rotates the femur at the hip joint

Obturator nerve L2, L3, L4

Tensor Fascia Lata

Anterior part of iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine

Via iliotibial tract to lateral condyle of tibia

Flexes, abducts and medially rotates the thigh at the hip joint

Superior gluteal nerve L5, S1

Gracilis
Body & inferior ramus of pubis

Supero-medial surface of the tibia via pes anserinus

Adducts the thigh, flexes the leg & assists in medial rotation of the thigh

Obturator nerve L2 L3

Sartorius
ASIS & superior part of notch immediately inferior to it

Superio-medial surface of the tibia (pes anserinus)

Flexes, abducts and laterally rotates the femur, flexes knee

Femoral nerve L2 L3