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AE m
w v
=
dt
dh
E =
n
R
s
H
Sensible
heat to air
Net radiation
Vapor flow rate
Heat conducted
to ground
G
Methods of Estimating Evaporation
Energy Balance Method
Aerodynamic method
Combined method
Energy Method
CV contains liquid and vapor phase water
Continuity - Liquid phase
}}
+
}}}
=
CS
w
CV
w v
d
dt
d
m dA V
0 =
dt
dh
A
w
=
No flow of liquid
water through CS
AE m
w v
=
E
dt
dh
=
h w
v
m
dt
dh
E =
n
R
s
H
G
Energy Method
Continuity - Vapor phase
}}
=
CS
a v w
q AE dA V
0 =
Steady flow of air
over water
AE
w
=
}}
+
}}}
=
CS
a v
CV
a v v
q d q
dt
d
m dA V
}}
=
CS
a v
w
q
A
E dA V
1
}}
=
CS
a v v
q m dA V
h w
v
m
dt
dh
E =
n
R
s
H
G
}}
+ + +
}}}
+ + =
CS
u
CV
u
d gz V e
d gz V e
dt
d
dt
dW
dt
dH
A V
) 2 / (
) 2 / (
2
2
Energy Method
Energy Eq.
0 =
h
w
v
m
dt
dh
E =
n
R
s
H
G
. , 0 ; 0 const h V ~ = ~
}}}
=
CV
w u
d e
dt
d
dt
dH
G H R
dt
dH
s n
=
G H R
s n
=
Energy Method
Energy Eq. for Water in CV
Assume:
1. Constant temp of water in CV
2. Change of heat is change in internal energy of water evaporated
h
w
v
m
dt
dh
E =
n
R
s
H
G
v v
m l
dt
dH
=
G H R
dt
dH
s n
=
G H R m l
s n v v
=
AE m
w
=
( ) G H R
A l
E
s n
w v
=
1
Recall:
w v
n
r
l
R
E
=
Neglecting sensible and ground heat
fluxes
Wind as a Factor in Evaporation
Wind has a major effect on evaporation, E
Wind removes vapor-laden air by convection
This Keeps boundary layer thin
Maintains a high rate of water transfer from
liquid to vapor phase
Wind is also turbulent
Convective diffusion is several orders of magnitude
larger than molecular diffusion
Aerodynamic Method
Include transport of vapor
away from water surface
as function of:
Humidity gradient above
surface
Wind speed across surface
Upward vapor flux
Upward momentum flux
n
R
E
Net radiation
Evaporation
Air Flow
1 2
2 1
z z
q q
K
dz
dq
K m
v v
w a
v
w a
= =
1 2
1 2
z z
u u
K
dz
du
K
m a m a
= = t
( )
( )
1 2
2 1
u u K
q q K
m
m
v v w
=t
Aerodynamic Method
Log-velocity profile
Momentum flux
n
R
E
Net radiation
Evaporation
Air Flow
( )
( )
1 2
2 1
u u K
q q K
m
m
v v w
=t
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
o
Z
Z
k u
u
ln
1
*
( )
( )
2
1 2
1 2
ln
(
=
Z Z
u u k
a
t
( )( )
( ) | |
2
1 2
1 2
2
ln
2 1
Z Z K
u u q q k K
m
m
v v a w
=
Thornthwaite-Holzman Equation
u
Z
Aerodynamic Method
Often only available at 1
elevation
Simplifying
n
R
E
Net radiation
Evaporation
Air Flow
( )( )
( ) | |
2
1 2
1 2
2
ln
2 1
Z Z K
u u q q k K
m
m
v v a w
=
u q
v
and
( )
( ) | |
2
2
2
2
ln
622 . 0
o
a as a
Z Z P
u e e k
m
=
AE m
w
=
( )
a as a
e e B E =
( ) | |
2
2
2
2
ln
622 . 0
o w
a
Z Z P
u k
B
=
2
@ pressure vapor Z e
a
=