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Evaporation

Slides prepared by Daene C. McKinney


Reading: Applied Hydrology Sections 4.1
and 4.2
Quotation for today (from Socrates) "There
is only one good, that is knowledge; there
is only one evil, that is ignorance."
Contributed by Matt Harold.

Evaporation
Terminology
Evaporation process by which liquid
water passes directly to the vapor phase
Transpiration - process by which liquid
water passes from liquid to vapor through
plant metabolism
Sublimation - process by which water
passes directly from the solid phase to the
vapor phase
Factors Influencing Evaporation
Energy supply for
vaporization (latent heat)
Solar radiation
Transport of vapor away
from evaporative surface
Wind velocity over surface
Specific humidity gradient
above surface
Vegetated surfaces
Supply of moisture to the
surface
Evapotranspiration (ET)
Potential Evapotranspiration
(PET) moisture supply is not
limited
n
R
E
Net radiation
Evaporation
Air Flow
u
Evaporation from a Water
Surface
Simplest form of evaporation
From free liquid of permanently saturated
surface
Evaporation from a Pan
National Weather Service Class A
type
Installed on a wooden platform in a
grassy location
Filled with water to within 2.5 inches
of the top
Evaporation rate is measured by
manual readings or with an analog
output evaporation gauge
h
Area, A
CS
w

AE m
w v
=
dt
dh
E =
n
R
s
H
Sensible
heat to air
Net radiation
Vapor flow rate
Heat conducted
to ground
G
Methods of Estimating Evaporation
Energy Balance Method
Aerodynamic method
Combined method
Energy Method
CV contains liquid and vapor phase water
Continuity - Liquid phase
}}
+
}}}
=
CS
w
CV
w v
d
dt
d
m dA V
0 =
dt
dh
A
w
=
No flow of liquid
water through CS
AE m
w v
=
E
dt
dh
=
h w

v
m
dt
dh
E =
n
R
s
H
G
Energy Method
Continuity - Vapor phase
}}
=
CS
a v w
q AE dA V
0 =
Steady flow of air
over water
AE
w
=
}}
+
}}}
=
CS
a v
CV
a v v
q d q
dt
d
m dA V
}}
=
CS
a v
w
q
A
E dA V

1
}}
=
CS
a v v
q m dA V
h w

v
m
dt
dh
E =
n
R
s
H
G
}}
+ + +
}}}
+ + =
CS
u
CV
u
d gz V e
d gz V e
dt
d
dt
dW
dt
dH
A V

) 2 / (
) 2 / (
2
2
Energy Method
Energy Eq.
0 =
h
w

v
m
dt
dh
E =
n
R
s
H
G
. , 0 ; 0 const h V ~ = ~
}}}
=
CV
w u
d e
dt
d
dt
dH

G H R
dt
dH
s n
=
G H R
s n
=
Energy Method
Energy Eq. for Water in CV
Assume:
1. Constant temp of water in CV
2. Change of heat is change in internal energy of water evaporated
h
w

v
m
dt
dh
E =
n
R
s
H
G
v v
m l
dt
dH
=
G H R
dt
dH
s n
=
G H R m l
s n v v
=
AE m
w
=
( ) G H R
A l
E
s n
w v
=

1
Recall:
w v
n
r
l
R
E

=
Neglecting sensible and ground heat
fluxes
Wind as a Factor in Evaporation
Wind has a major effect on evaporation, E
Wind removes vapor-laden air by convection
This Keeps boundary layer thin
Maintains a high rate of water transfer from
liquid to vapor phase
Wind is also turbulent
Convective diffusion is several orders of magnitude
larger than molecular diffusion
Aerodynamic Method
Include transport of vapor
away from water surface
as function of:
Humidity gradient above
surface
Wind speed across surface
Upward vapor flux


Upward momentum flux
n
R
E
Net radiation
Evaporation
Air Flow
1 2
2 1
z z
q q
K
dz
dq
K m
v v
w a
v
w a

= =
1 2
1 2
z z
u u
K
dz
du
K
m a m a

= = t
( )
( )
1 2
2 1
u u K
q q K
m
m
v v w

=t
Aerodynamic Method



Log-velocity profile


Momentum flux
n
R
E
Net radiation
Evaporation
Air Flow
( )
( )
1 2
2 1
u u K
q q K
m
m
v v w

=t
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
o
Z
Z
k u
u
ln
1
*
( )
( )
2
1 2
1 2
ln
(


=
Z Z
u u k
a
t
( )( )
( ) | |
2
1 2
1 2
2
ln
2 1
Z Z K
u u q q k K
m
m
v v a w

=

Thornthwaite-Holzman Equation
u
Z
Aerodynamic Method




Often only available at 1
elevation
Simplifying
n
R
E
Net radiation
Evaporation
Air Flow
( )( )
( ) | |
2
1 2
1 2
2
ln
2 1
Z Z K
u u q q k K
m
m
v v a w

=

u q
v
and
( )
( ) | |
2
2
2
2
ln
622 . 0
o
a as a
Z Z P
u e e k
m

=

AE m
w
=
( )
a as a
e e B E =
( ) | |
2
2
2
2
ln
622 . 0
o w
a
Z Z P
u k
B


=
2
@ pressure vapor Z e
a
=

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