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See the phase diagram for water, Figure 13.37. Lines connect all conditions of T and P where EQUILIBRIUM exists between the phases on either side of the line. (At equilibrium particles move from liquid to gas as fast as they move from gas to liquid, for example.)
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Animation of triple point. At the TRIPLE POINT all three phases are in equilibrium.
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Phases Diagrams
Important Points for Water
T(C) P(mmHg)
100
0.0098
760
760 4.58
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CRITICAL T and P
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CRITICAL T and P
Pcritical
.
High Pressure
LIQUID
Tcritical
GAS High Temperature
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CRITICAL T and P
Pcritical
.
LIQUID
Tcritical
GAS High Temperature
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
High Pressure
Critical T and P
COMPD H2O Tc(oC) 374 Pc(atm) 218
CO2
CH4 Freon-12 (CCl2F2)
31
-82 112
73
46 41
Solid-Liquid Equilibria
In any system, if you increase P the DENSITY will go up. Therefore as P goes up, equilibrium favors phase with the larger density (or SMALLER volume/gram).
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
Solid-Liquid Equilibria
In any system, if you increase P the DENSITY will go up. Therefore as P goes up, equilibrium favors phase with the larger density (or SMALLER volume/gram).
1 g/cm3 1
favored at high P
LIQUID H2O
Solid-Liquid Equilibria
ICE
favored at low P
LIQUID H2O
favored at high P
Solid H2O
760 mmHg
Liquid H2O
0 C
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Solid-Liquid Equilbria
Raising the pressure at constant T causes P water to melt. The NEGATIVE SLOPE of the S/L line is unique to H2O. Almost everything else has positive slope.
Solid H 2O 760 mmHg
0C
Liquid H 2O
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved
The behavior of water under pressure is an example of LE CHATELIERS PRINCIPLE At Solid/Liquid equilibrium, raising P squeezes the solid. It responds by going to phase with greater density, i.e., the liquid phase.
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Solid-Liquid Equilbria
P
Solid H2O 760 mmHg 0C Liquid H2O Normal freezing point
Solid-Vapor Equilibrium
At P < 4.58 mmHg and T < 0.0098 C
Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved