MATRICES

Created By Mrs Yong-Teh Laik Cheng , Edited by Ms Liu Yunling

Instructions:
1) Print out the document: 4E elearning Notes
2) Fill in the blanks in the notes as you go through
the PowerPoint slides.
INTRODUCTION AND BASIC DEFINITIONS
Example:




Student Maths English History Physics
A 61 56 44 70
B 54 72 63 35
C 49 67 82 66
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66 82 67 49
35 63 72 54
70 44 56 61
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A matrix is a rectangular array of
elements (usually numbers) arranged in
rows and columns.
[Plural: matrices]
Elements in a Matrix
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p o n m
l k j i
h g f e
d c b a
Row 1,
Column 1
Read: 1-1
element
Row 3,
Column 1
3 -1
element
Row 2,
Column 3
2 3
element
Row 4,
Column 4
4 4
element
Reading the elements in a matrix
The number of rows and columns
need not be the same.





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2 4 0
1 3 1
A =
2 rows and 3 columns
B =
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3
1
2
0
4 rows and 1 column
A matrix with m rows and n columns is said to have
order m x n (read as m by n).
Practice:
Write down the order of each matrix.

P = , Q = , R =



Order of P = __________

Order of Q = __________

Order of R = __________
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3 4
2 1
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5 3 4
8 6 3
2 0 1
( ) 7 2 9
2x2
3x3
1x3
Types of matrices
(a) Row Matrix:
A matrix with only one row.
Eg. ( 2 3 4 ), ( -1 4 7 3)
(b) Column Matrix:
A matrix with only one column.
Eg. ,
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6
8
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4
2
3
(c) Square Matrix:
A matrix with equal number of rows and
columns.
Eg. ,
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1 2
3 1
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9 2 1
0 3 3
2 1 2
Types of matrices
(d) Diagonal Matrix:
A square matrix in which all elements
are zero except the elements along
its diagonal which slopes downwards
from left to right.
Eg. ,
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5 0 0
0 9 0
0 0 1
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5 0
0 71
Types of matrices
(e) Null Matrix or zero matrix:
A matrix with all zero elements.

Eg. ,
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0 0 0
0 0 0
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0
0
Types of matrices
(f) Identity matrix or Unit matrix:
A diagonal matrix in which all diagonal
element equal to 1.
It is usually denoted by the letter I

Eg. ,
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1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
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1 0
0 1
Types of matrices
(g) Transpose Matrix:
When the rows and columns of a matrix
are interchanged, the resulting matrix is
called a transpose matrix.

Eg. and

are transpose matrices.
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6 5 4
3 2 1
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6 3
5 2
4 1
Types of matrices
(h) Equal Matrices:
Two matrices are equal if
(1) they are of the same order
(2) their corresponding elements are
equal.
Eg. and
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9 8 7
6 5 4
3 2 1
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9 8 7
6 5 4
3 2 1
Types of matrices
Practice


A = B = C =

D = E = F =

G = H = J =

K = L = P =

M = N =
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6
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0 0 0
0 0 0
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2 4 0
1 3 1
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5 0 0
0 9 0
0 0 1
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0 1 3
8 6 2
7 4 2
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1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
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5 0
0 71
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1 0
0 1
( ) 2 3 1
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0
0
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0 8 7
1 6 4
3 2 2
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3
1
2
0
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0 5
9 0
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5 0 0
0 9 0
0 0 1
Name the row matrix

Quiz: Given 14 matrices

Name the column matrix Name the square matrix
Name the diagonal matrix Name the null matrix Name the identity matrix Name the transpose matrix of L
Name the pair of equal matrices

Write down the order of matrix A, B, D and M.

Order of A = ________
Order of B = ________
Order of D = ________
Order of M = ________
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6
8
Quiz
2x1
2x3
3x3
4x1
A= B= D = M = |
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0 0 0
0 0 0
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3
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2
0
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5 0 0
0 9 0
0 0 1
Matrix Addition & Subtraction
The addition/subtraction of two matrices is
done by adding/subtracting the
corresponding elements of the two matrices.

Matrices can be added/subtracted only if
they are of the same order

The sum (or difference) of two matrices A
and B, denoted by A+B (or A B ) is a
matrix of the same order as each of A and B.

Eg. Given A = , B =

Then A + B = =

And A - B = =
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0 1
2 1
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2 1
3 0
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+ +
+ +
2 0 1 1
) 3 ( 2 0 1
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2 0
1 1
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2 0 1 1
) 3 ( 2 0 1
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2 2
5 1
Matrix Addition & Subtraction
Addition & Subtraction of
Matrices - Practice
Given
( ) 0 3 C &
5 3
1 2
B ,
5 3
4 3
A =
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=
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=
evaluate the following if they exist.

(i) A + B (ii) B + C (iii) A - B
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=
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+
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10 6
3 5

5 3
1 2

5 3
4 3

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=
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0 0
5 1

5 3
1 2

5 3
4 3
(ii)
(i)
(i)
B + C =
A - B =
A + B =
No Answer.
Both matrices are of different order.
Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
Let A =

Then 2A = 2 =

Hence, if k is a scalar,
Then the matrix kA is the matrix whose
elements are the product of k and each
elements of A
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d c
b a
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d c
b a

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d c
b a
2 2
2 2
Scalar Multiplication- Practice
( )
( ) 10 10 6
5 2 ) 5 ( 2 3 2 2A
=
=
( )
3A - (ii) 2A (i)
find , 5 5 3 A Given =
( ) 15 15 9 3A - =
(i)
(ii)
The end