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Primary Goal
Promote functional movement through use of facilitation, inhibition, strengthening, and relaxation of muscle groups
Used to make functional motion easier through use of proprioceptive signals to nerves and muscles
History
1946-1951 Based on neurophysiology and motor development Emphasis placed on application of maximal resistance throughout ROM Used many combinations of motions
Components
Created stronger contraction in desired muscle groups First in strongest part of range Progressing toward weaker parts of range Usually synergists for greater proprioceptive stimulation
Motion performed
Components Continued
Used throughout in combination of motions Used to increase ROM and improve endurance
Repeated contractions
1949 Having pt isometrically contract agonist, then antagonist, resulted in increased response of the agonist rhythmic stabilization Applying same procedure of alternating resistance to isotonic contractions of antagonist and agonist also had a facilitating effect slow reversal
Combinations of Motions
1951 Combinations which permitted maximum elongation of related muscle groups so that stretch reflex could be elicited throughout a pattern were most effective Patterns were spiral and diagonal in character with similarity to normal, functional patterns of motion
Definitions
Proprioceptive
Receiving stimulation within the tissues of the body Pertaining to nerves and muscles
Neuromuscular
Proprioceptors
Corpuscles of Ruffini
Muscle Spindles
Excitatory synapses with motorneurons of stretched muscle Inhibitory synapses with motorneurons of antagonist muscles
Located in muscles and tendons Protect against harmful levels of tension development
Definitions
Facilitation
Promotion or hastening of any natural process Effect produced in nerve tissue by passage of an impulse Resistance of nerve is diminished so that a 2nd application of stimulus evokes reaction more easily
Definitions
PNF
Methods of promoting or hastening normal responses of neuromuscular mechanism through stimulation of proprioceptors placing specific demands in order to secure a desired response
Principles
Anatomical structure Developmental level Inherent and previously learned neuromuscular responses
Integrated and efficient without awareness of individual muscle action, reflex activity, and a multitude of other neurophysiological reactions
Inadequate to meet demands of life in proportion to degree of deficiency Response may be limited as a result of faulty development, trauma, or disease of nervous or musculoskeletal systems Specific demands placed by PT/PTA have a facilitating effect upon pts neuromuscular mechanism to reverse pts limitations
PNF Objectives
Increase ability to move or remain stable Guide movement through use of proper grips and appropriate resistance Achieve coordinated movement through use of timing Increase stamina Avoid fatigue
Limitation
Basic Procedures
Patterns Resistance Irradiation and reinforcement Manual contact Traction and approximation Stretch Timing
Patterns of Facilitation
Brain knows nothing of individual muscle action but knows only movement
Combining specific components of motion that allow consistent activation Spiral and diagonal in character in keeping with spiral and rotary characteristics of skeletal system
Straight Motion
Pattern of Facilitation
Flexion
Flexion
Flexion
Pivot of Action
Pivot of Action
Extension Extension
Extension
Diagonals
2 diagonals of motion for each major part of body Each diagonal has:
2 patterns
Diagonals
Flexion Flexion
Pivot of Action
Extension
Extension
LE PNF Patterns
D2 Hip flxn Hip abdn Hip IR Ankle DF Foot eversion Toe extn D1 Hip flxn Hip addn Hip ER Ankle DF Foot inversion Toe extn
Hip extn Hip abdn Hip IR Ankle PF Foot eversion Toe flxn
Hip extn Hip addn Hip ER Ankle PF Foot inversion Toe flxn
UE PNF Patterns
D2 Shoulder flxn Shoulder abdn Shoulder ER Scap elevation & addn Forearm supination Radial wrist extn Finger extn D1 Shoulder flxn Shoulder addn Shoulder ER Scapular elevation & abdn Forearm supination Radial wrist flxn Finger flxn
Shoulder extn Shoulder abdn Shoulder IR Scapular depression & addn Forearm pronation Ulnar wrist extn Finger extn
Shoulder extn Shoulder addn Shoulder IR Scapular depression and abdn Forearm pronation Ulnar wrist flexion Finger flxn
Naming of Patterns
2.
For position of the proximal jt. at the end of the pattern OR For the motions being performed at the proximal jt.
Naming of Diagonals
D1 or D2 Or for the 2 patterns that comprise the diagonal (ex: flex/abd/ER ext/add/IR
Resistance
Used to:
Facilitate ability of muscles to contract Increase motor control Help pt gain awareness of motion Increase strength
Amount should be appropriate for injury or goal of activity Should allow smooth, coordinated mvmt to occur
Occurs with appropriately applied resistance Facilitation spreads both distally and proximally Used to increase response to stimulation
Manual Contact
Use of PT/PTAs hands with varying grip and pressure to guide mvmt and increase strength Stimulates mechanoreceptors in skin Allows pt to adjust motion based upon grip and pressure applied Should relay info about proper and expected direction of mvmt Applied in opposite direction of desired motion
Traction
Stimulates sensory receptors within joints Elongation of trunk or extremities and acts as a stimulus by elongating muscles Used to facilitate pulling and antigravity motions Applied gradually and maintained throught motion
Approximation
Stimulates sensory receptors within joints Compression of trunk or extremities Facilitates contraction of muscles to correct applied pressure Used to promote stabilization, facilitate wtbearing, and correct antigravity muscles
Stretch Reflex
Timing
Sequence of motions that is required to allow smooth, coordinated movements to occur Normal timing for most coordinated activities begins distally and moves proximally
Distal portion moves through full ROM first and holds position Other components move together and complete their motion Rotation is the only motion resisted throughout entire pattern
References
Adler, S. S., Beckers, D., & Buck, M. (1993). PNF in practice: An illustrated guide. New York: Springer-Verlag. Knott, M. & Voss, D. E. (1968). Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Patterns and Techniques. New York: Harper & Row. Previte, J. J. (1983). Human physiology. New York: McGrawHill. Roy, M. A., Sylvestre, M., Katch, F. I., Katch, V. L., & Lagasse, P. P. (1990). Proprioceptive facilitation of muscle tension during unilateral and bilateral knee extension. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 11(4), 289-292.