GEOTECH-PERM

Geotechnical Engineering
Lecture
Civil Engineering Term IV

Prof. Kazunori Tabe, Ph.D.

Civil Engineering Section
School of Engineering and Technology
Sharda University

Source: http://starb.on.coocan.jp/
Group Representatives will
give you Lecture Note!
G1
Abhishek Singh (ID#007)->abhisheksingh35@yahoo.com
Asheesh Pandey(ID#033)->asheesh.jnpking@gmail.com
G2
Kshitish Jaiswal (ID#062)->kjaiswal811@gmail.com
http://in.groups.yahoo.com/group/sharda_geotech/
G3
Spalzes Dolma(ID#143)->zes23.leh@gmail.com
G4
Sumit Kudesia (ID#145)->kudesiasumit@gmail.com

LMS will give you Lecture
Note!
Search: kazunori tabe
Click lecture note 1, 2, and 3
Geotechnical Engineering-Syllabus
Lecture Contents
1. Syllabus and Introduction (4 hrs)
2. Soil Classification (4hrs)
3. Phase Diagram (4 hrs)
4. Permeability of Soils (4 hrs)
5. Effective Stress (4 hrs)
6. Seepage and Flow Nets (4 hrs)
7. Soil Compaction (4hrs)
8. Consolidation and Settlements (4hrs)
9. Shear Strength (4hrs)
10. Slope Stability (4hrs)

Term Periods and coverage
To Mid Term Exam
1. 10
th
Jan,-14
th
Jan.
2. 17
th
Jan. 21
st
Jan.
3. 24
th
Jan. 28
th
Jan.
4. 31
st
Jan. 4
th
Feb.
5. 7
th
Feb. 11
st
Feb.
6. 14
th
Feb. 18
th
Feb.
7. 21
st
Feb. 25
th
Feb.
8. 28
th
Feb. 4
th
Mar.
9. 9
th
Mar. 16
th
Mar.

Expected coverage:
Introduction (4 hrs),
Soil Classification(4hrs),
Phase Diagram (4 hrs),
Permeability of Soils (4 hrs),
Effective Stress (4 hrs),
Seepage and Flow Nets (4 hrs)

To End Term Exam
1. 21
st
Mar.-25
th
Mar.
2. 28
th
Mar. 1
st
Apr.
3. 4
th
Apr. 8
th
Apr.
4. 11
st
Apr. 15
th
Apr.
5. 18
th
Apr. 22
nd
Apr.
6. 25
th
Apr. 29
th
Apr.
7. 2
nd
May 6
th
May
8. 9
th
May 16
th
May

Expected coverage:
Soil Compaction (4 hrs),
Consolidation and Settlement (4hrs),
Shear Strength and Triaxial Tests (4hrs)
Slope Stability (4 hrs)

What we learned in Geotech
lecture
Clay
Atterberg Limit Tests
Soil Classification System
Phase Diagram
More practical?
Sand
Sieve Analysis
Soil Classification System
Phase Diagram
More practical?

Soils as construction
materials

Clay
Water doesnt move
through clay very
well.
Sand
Water moves through
sand quite well.
4. Permeability of Soils (1/3)
Geotechnical Engineering -Syllabus
4. Permeability of Soils
Learning Objectives;
Gain an understanding of Head and its
role in fluid flow
Knowledge of Darcy's Law and its usage
An understanding of hydraulic
conductivity, its measurement, and
typical values for different soils
An ability to perform flow calculations in
soils
An ability to compute equivalent
hydraulic conductivities for layered
systems
1. Introduction (4 hrs)
2. Soil Classification (4hrs)
3. Phase Diagram (4 hrs)
4. Permeability of Soils (4
hrs)
5. Effective Stress (4 hrs)
6. Seepage and Flow Nets (4
hrs)
7. Soil Compaction (4hrs)
8. Consolidation and
Settlements (4hrs)
9. Shear Strength (4hrs)
10. Slope Stability (4hrs)

Source: meted.ucar.edu
Darcys Law (1856)

q=k*i*A

q=Flow rate
k=hydraulic conductivity or
coefficient of permeability
i=hydraulic gradient (Ah/L)
A=area of cross-section of the
soil

Soil Specimen, k
Ah
L
Cross-sectional area, A
Typical Values of Hydraulic
Conductivity of Saturated Soils

Soil type K (cm/sec)
Clean
gravel
100-1.0
Coarse
sand
1.0-0.01
(Water moves through sand quite
well!!)
Fine
sand
0.01-0.001
Silty
sand
0.001-0.00001
Clay
<0.000001
(Water doesnt moves through clay
very well!!)
Clay (assumed impervious)
EL+17.68 m
GWT(EL+22.86 m) GWT(EL+22.86 m)
EL+18.29 m
GWT(EL+17.68 m)
Slurry wall (k=0.000001cm/sec)
0.91 m
q q
Plan View
365.76 m
4
8
.
7
7

m

A slurry wall cutoff system is proposed for a deep building excavation as
shown below. Compute a steady state pumping quantity for the construction.
Construction Dewatering
(Question)
(Solution)
Wall Slurry of Area Surf ace Wet A
Gradient Hydraulic i
Wall Slurry of ty Condactivi Hydraulic k
where
iA k q
Slurry
Slurry
=
=
=
=
:
A slurry wall cutoff system is proposed for a deep building
excavation as shown below. Compute a steady state pumping
quantity for the construction.
EL+17.68 m
GWT(EL+22.86 m) GWT(EL+22.86 m)
EL+18.29 m
GWT(EL+17.68 m)
0.91 m
q q
Plan View
365.76 m
4
8
.
7
7

m

(Solution)
EL+17.68 m
GWT(EL+22.86 m) GWT(EL+22.86 m)
EL+18.29 m
GWT(EL+17.68 m)
0.91 m
q q
Plan View
365.76 m
4
8
.
7
7

m

( )
2 2
2
3
86 . 0
000 , 10
000 , 1
sec 24 60 60
sec
000001 . 0
sec
000001 . 0
m
lpd
m
cm
cm
liter
day
cm cm
k
k a
slurry
Slurry
=

= =
(Solution)
91 . 0
18 . 5
18 . 5 68 . 17 86 . 22
91 . 0
) (
=
A
=
A = = =
= =
=
L
h
i
h m dif f ernce head hydraulic
L m wall slurry of thickness
Gradient Hydraulic i b
EL+17.68 m
GWT(EL+22.86 m) GWT(EL+22.86 m)
EL+18.29 m
GWT(EL+17.68 m)
0.91 m
q q
Plan View
365.76 m
4
8
.
7
7

m

(Solution)
( ) ( ) { }( )
2
295 , 4
68 . 17 86 . 22 2 77 . 48 2 76 . 365
) (
m
A
area surf ace wet c
=
+ =
EL+17.68 m
GWT(EL+22.86 m) GWT(EL+22.86 m)
EL+18.29 m
GWT(EL+17.68 m)
0.91 m
q q
Plan View
365.76 m
4
8
.
7
7

m

(Solution)
lpd
kiA q
000 , 21
) 295 , 4 ( )
91 . 0
18 . 5
( ) 86 . 0 (
~
=
=
EL+17.68 m
GWT(EL+22.86 m) GWT(EL+22.86 m)
EL+18.29 m
GWT(EL+17.68 m)
0.91 m
q q
Plan View
365.76 m
4
8
.
7
7

m

Core text page
P. 137-148.

Permeability
P.137.

The permeability of a soil is a soil property
which described quantitatively, the ease with
which water flows through that soil.

Darcys Law (1856)
P.137-140.
Darcy discovered that
water travels in soil
voids with a velocity,
v = (k)(i), where k is
hydraulic conductivity
of soil and i is
hydraulic gradient,
which is equaled to i
= h/L.
Soil Specimen, k
Ah
L
Measurement of permeability
of Soils (Laboratory Tests)
P. 140-142.

Constant Head Permeability Test
Falling Head Permeability Test
Constant Head Test (p.140-141)
Soil Specimen, k
Ah
L
Constant Level
) (
) (
) ( sec
(sec) , ) ( arg
) / (
:
) 24 . 6 ( sec /
2
3
cm specimen soil of Length L
cm head in dif f ernce h
cm sample of area tional cross A
t time in collected cm e disch Q
s cm ty permeabili of t coef f icien k
where
cm
Aht
QL
iA
q
k
kiA q
=
=
=
=
=
= =
=
Good for gravel and sand sample
Falling Head Test (p.141-142)
2
1
10
2 1
2
1
10
1 2
2
1
1 2
log
) (
303 . 2
log
) (
303 . 2
ln
) (
) 25 . 6 (
h
h
tA h h
VwL
k
or
h
h
A t t
aL
k
or
h
h
t t A
aL
k
see
=
Where
Vw = volume of water flow through the specimen
L = length of specimen
h1 = beginning head difference
h2 = ending head difference
t = test duration=t2-t1
a=area of burette
A = area of specimen

Good for fine sand or silty sand
Soil Specimen, k
h1
L
h2
Cross sectional area, a
Range of Hydraulic
Conductivity for Various Soils
Soil Types Hydraulic Conductivity (cm/sec)
Medium to coarse gravel Greater than 10
-1

Coarse to fine sand 10
-1
to 10
-3

Fine sand, silty sand 10
-3
to 10
-5

Silt, clayey silt, silty clay 10
-4
to 10
-6

Clays 10
-7
or less
Das, B.M. (1998) Principles of Geotechnical Engineering 4
th
edition, PWS
Publishing OCmpany, MA
Thank you.
Lecture


Sharda University

Announcement
Geotech lab will start on Monday, 7
th
, February.
Place: Surveying Lab
Make 5-student Team. (8 teams /each Group)
Each Team choose one topic (water content,
permeability, etc) regarding Geotechnical Engineering or
Soil Mechanics.
Make 10 minute presentation for
Each team will perform a 10 min. presentation on
Monday, 7
th
February.
Each Team should bring laptop for the presentation
then.
Const./Falling Head Test
Calculation 1
Flow is taking place under a head, h, through a soil specimen of length, L.
What will be the change in the discharge if the head is doubled, and the length of
the specimen reduced by one half? If the area is triple and length is triple?
Determine the flow rate:
q1=k(h/L)A
q2=k(2h/0.5L)A=4k(h/L)A

Calculation 1
q1=k(h/L)A
q2=k(2h/0.5L)A=4k(h/L)A

q1=k(h/L)A
q2=k(h/3L)3A=k(h/L)A=q1
Calculation 1
A constant head permeability test was performed on a specimen of fine sand.
The following values were provided:

Length of the specimen=40cm
Diameter of the specimen=20cm
Head difference=30cm
Volume of water collected in 4 min.=250cm3

What is the hydraulic conductivity?

Calculation 2
Const./Falling head Test
Question 2



Given: L=40cm, D=20cm, Ah=30cm, q=(250/4) cm3/min




Given: L=40cm, D=20cm, Ah=30cm, q=(250/4) cm3/min
Calculate flow rate:
i=Ah/L=0.75, A=tD2/4=314.2cm2
q=kiA, k=q/(iA), q=1.04 cm3/sec
k=q/(iA)=0.0044 cm/sec=4.4*10(-3) cm/s

Calculation 2
30cm
20cm
Three permeability tests are performed on
the soil and the test result are as follows:

Is this the constant head test or falling head
test?
What is the hydraulic conductivity of the
soil?

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3
Beginning Head
Difference (cm)
20 25 21
Ending Head Difference
(cm)
11 17 12
Test Duration (sec) 18 16 18
Volume of water collected
(cm3)
15 18 16
Calculation 3
30cm
20cm
Given: D=20cm, L=30cm

Calculation 3
30cm
20cm

Determine type of permeability test->It is a falling head test.

Calculation 3
30cm
20cm


Determine the area: A=tD^2/4=314 cm2

Calculation 3
30cm
20cm



2
1
10
2 1
log
) (
303 . 2
h
h
tA h h
VwL
k
=
Calculation 3
30cm
20cm



( )
( )
( )
sec
005 . 0
12
21
log
)) 314 )( 18 )( 12 21 ((
) 30 ( 16 303 . 2
sec
005 . 0
17
25
log
)) 314 )( 16 )( 17 25 ((
) 30 ( 18 303 . 2
sec
005 . 0
11
20
log
)) 314 )( 18 )( 11 20 ((
) 30 ( 15 303 . 2
log
) (
303 . 2
10 3
10 2
10 1
2
1
10
2 1
cm
k
cm
k
cm
k
h
h
tA h h
VwL
k
test
test
test
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
Calculation 3
30cm
20cm



Calculation 3
( )
( )
( )
sec
10 5 005 . 0
3
005 . 0 005 . 0 005 . 0
sec
005 . 0
12
21
log
)) 314 )( 18 )( 12 21 ((
) 30 ( 16 303 . 2
sec
005 . 0
17
25
log
)) 314 )( 16 )( 17 25 ((
) 30 ( 18 303 . 2
sec
005 . 0
11
20
log
)) 314 )( 18 )( 11 20 ((
) 30 ( 15 303 . 2
log
) (
303 . 2
3
10 3
10 2
10 1
2
1
10
2 1
cm
k
cm
k
cm
k
cm
k
h
h
tA h h
VwL
k
average
test
test
test
= =
+ +
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
Calculation 4
A drainage pipe is clogged with sand
whose hydraulic conductivity is found to be
9.0 cm/s. The average difference in
headwater and trailwater elevation is 1.2 m
and it has been observed that there is a
flow of 330 cm3/s through the pipe. If the
pipe is 6m long and has a cross-section
area of 20 cm2, what length of the pipe is
filled with sand?
1.2m
6m
Calculation 4
Given: k=9.0 cm/s, Ah=1.2m, q= 330
cm3/s , A= 20 cm2, L=6m

1.2m
6m
Calculation 4
Given: k=9.0 cm/s, Ah=1.2m, q= 330
cm3/s , A= 20 cm2, L=6m

Length of clogged pipe:

1.2m
6m
Calculation 4
Given: k=9.0 cm/s, Ah=1.2m, q= 330
cm3/s , A= 20 cm2, L=6m


q=kiA=k(h/L(clogged))A,
k=q(L(clogged))/(hA),
L(clogged)=kAhA/q=(9)(120)(20)/330=
65.5 cm

1.2m
6m
Calculation 4
Given: k=9.0 cm/s, Ah=1.2m, q= 330
cm3/s , A= 20 cm2, L=6m


q=kiA=k(h/L(clogged))A,
k=q(L(clogged))/(hA),
L(clogged)=kAhA/q=(9)(120)(20)/330=
65.5 cm

Percentage pf pipe that is clogged:
%clogged=L(clogged)/L*100=65.5/600*
100=10%
1.2m
6m
Permeability of Stratified Soils
P.147
When a subsoil in the field consists of a
number of strata which have different
permeabilities, calculation of seepage
through such a stratified deposit
requires the computation of average
values of k applicable for the whole
deposit.

Permeability of Stratified Soils
P.147
There are two such average values: the
average horizontal coefficient of
permeability, k(h) when the flow is
parallel to the strata and the vertical
coefficient of permeability, k(v), when
the flow is normal to the strata.

Equivalent Hydraulic Conductivity
(horizontal case p.147)
(horizontal case p.147)
(vertical case p.147-148)
(vertical case p.147-148)
Thank you.
Lecture


Sharda University

Announcement
Geotech lab will start on Monday, 7
th
, February.
Place: Surveying Lab
Make 5-student Team. (8 teams /each Group)
Each Team choose one topic (water content,
permeability, etc) regarding Geotechnical Engineering or
Soil Mechanics.
Make 10 minute presentation for
Each team will perform a 10 min. presentation on
Monday, 7
th
February.
Each Team should bring laptop for the presentation
then.
Calculation 1
Given: h1+h2=5
cm
cm cm
Calculation 1
Given: h1+h2=5
cm
cm cm
Given: h1+h2=5, A1=A2=A

Calculation 1
Given: h1+h2=5
cm
cm cm

Calculate head at point A:
Q1=Q2
K1(h1/L1)A=k2(h2/L2)A,
k1(h1/6)=3k1(h2/3), h1=6h2

Calculation 1
Given: h1+h2=5
cm
cm cm

Q1=Q2
K1(h1/L1)A=k2(h2/L2)A,
k1(h1/6)=3k1(h2/3), h1=6h2

6h1+h2=5, h2=5/7=0.71
H1=6-h2=6-0.71=4.29

Calculation 1
Given: h1+h2=5
cm
cm cm

Q1=Q2
K1(h1/L1)A=k2(h2/L2)A,
k1(h1/6)=3k1(h2/3), h1=6h2

6h1+h2=5, h2=5/7=0.71
H1=6-h2=6-0.71=4.29

Head at point A is 0.71 cm

1.5m
2.1m
3m
1.5m
2.1m
3m
30cm
150cm
75cm
30cm
75cm
150cm
Three horizontal stratified uniformed
soils have hydraulic conductivity of 30
cm/day, 75 cm/day, and 150 cm/day,
respectively. Find the average hydraulic
conductivity of the soil layer in
horizontal and vertical directions.
Calculation 2
H1=1.5m
H2=2.1m
H3=3m
H1=1.5m
H2=2.1m
H3=3m
30cm
150cm
75cm
30cm
75cm
150cm
Calculation 2
Given: H1=1.5m, H2=2.1m, H3=3m
k1=30cm/day, k2=75cm/day, k3=150cm/day

H1=1.5m
H2=2.1m
H3=3m
H1=1.5m
H2=2.1m
H3=3m
30cm
150cm
75cm
30cm
75cm
150cm
Calculation 2
Given: H1=1.5m, H2=2.1m, H3=3m

Average hydraulic conductivity in horizontal direction:
For horizontal flow->

=
=
=
n
j
j
n
j
j j
eq
d
d k
k
1
1
H1=1.5m
H2=2.1m
H3=3m
H1=1.5m
H2=2.1m
H3=3m
30cm
150cm
75cm
30cm
75cm
150cm
Calculation 2
Given: H1=1.5m, H2=2.1m, H3=3m


day
m
H H H
H k H k H k
k
d
d k
k
H
n
j
j
n
j
j j
eq
1 99
3 1 . 2 5 . 1
3 150 1 . 2 75 5 . 1 30
3 2 1
3 3 2 2 1 1
1
1
~ =
+ +
+ +
=
+ +
+ +
=
=
=
=
H1=1.5m
H2=2.1m
H3=3m
H1=1.5m
H2=2.1m
H3=3m
30cm
150cm
75cm
30cm
75cm
150cm
Calculation 2
Given: H1=1.5m, H2=2.1m, H3=3m


Average hydraulic conductivity in vertical direction:
For vertical flow->

day
m
H H H
H k H k H k
k
d
d k
k
H
n
j
j
n
j
j j
eq
1 99
3 1 . 2 5 . 1
3 150 1 . 2 75 5 . 1 30
3 2 1
3 3 2 2 1 1
1
1
~ =
+ +
+ +
=
+ +
+ +
=
=
=
=
H1=1.5m
H2=2.1m
H3=3m
H1=1.5m
H2=2.1m
H3=3m
30cm
150cm
75cm
30cm
75cm
150cm
Calculation 2
Given: H1=1.5m, H2=2.1m, H3=3m


For vertical flow->

day
m
H H H
H k H k H k
k
d
d k
k
H
n
j
j
n
j
j j
eq
1 99
3 1 . 2 5 . 1
3 150 1 . 2 75 5 . 1 30
3 2 1
3 3 2 2 1 1
1
1
~ =
+ +
+ +
=
+ +
+ +
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
n
j j
j
n
j
j
eq
k
d
d
k
1
1
H1=1.5m
H2=2.1m
H3=3m
H1=1.5m
H2=2.1m
H3=3m
30cm
150cm
75cm
30cm
75cm
150cm
Calculation 2
Given: H1=1.5m, H2=2.1m, H3=3m


For vertical flow->

day
m
H H H
H k H k H k
k
d
d k
k
H
n
j
j
n
j
j j
eq
1 99
3 1 . 2 5 . 1
3 150 1 . 2 75 5 . 1 30
3 2 1
3 3 2 2 1 1
1
1
~ =
+ +
+ +
=
+ +
+ +
=
=
=
=
day
cm
k
H
k
H
k
H
H H H
k
k
d
d
k
H
n
j j
j
n
j
j
eq
3 . 67
150
3
75
1 . 2
30
5 . 1
3 1 . 2 5 . 1
3
3
2
2
1
1
3 2 1
1
1
=
+ +
+ +
=
+ +
+ +
=
=
=
=
Permeability of Soils Additional 1
A 4.5 m thick clay deposit is
interbedded with a couple of thin
layers of silt a quarter m thick each.

Determine the ratio of horizontal
and vertical hydraulic conductivity of
clay deposit if the hydraulic
conductivity of silt is 100 times that
of clay.
What is the new ratio if one layer of
25 cm thick clay deposit is found
instead of two layers? Assume the
hydraulic conductivity remains the
same.

25 cm
4.5m
25 cm
4.5m
Given:
H(silt)=2*25cm=50cm, H(clay)=4.5m-50cm=4m,
k(silt)=100k(clay)

25 cm
4.5m
Given:
k(silt)=100k(clay)


25 cm
4.5m
Given:
k(silt)=100k(clay)


clay H
clay clay
clay silt
clay clay silt silt
H
k k
k k
h h
H k H k
k
12
400 50
400 50 100
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
25 cm
4.5m
Given:
k(silt)=100k(clay)



clay H
clay clay
clay silt
clay clay silt silt
H
k k
k k
h h
H k H k
k
12
400 50
400 50 100
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
clay V
clay clay
clay
clay
silt
silt
clay silt
V
k k
k
cm
k
cm
cm cm
k
H
k
H
H H
k
11 . 1
400
12
50
400 50
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
25 cm
4.5m
Given:
k(silt)=100k(clay)



Ratio of horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity:

clay H
clay clay
clay silt
clay clay silt silt
H
k k
k k
h h
H k H k
k
12
400 50
400 50 100
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
clay V
clay clay
clay
clay
silt
silt
clay silt
V
k k
k
cm
k
cm
cm cm
k
H
k
H
H H
k
11 . 1
400
12
50
400 50
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
8 . 10
11 . 1
12
= = =
clay
clay
V
H
k
k
k
k
Ratio
25 cm
4.5m
Given:
k(silt)=100k(clay)



Ratio of horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity:

New ratio of horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity:
Since the overall thickness of silt and clay layers are
the same, the ratio of horizontal and vertical hydraulic
conductivity remains as 10.8
clay H
clay clay
clay silt
clay clay silt silt
H
k k
k k
h h
H k H k
k
12
400 50
400 50 100
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
clay V
clay clay
clay
clay
silt
silt
clay silt
V
k k
k
cm
k
cm
cm cm
k
H
k
H
H H
k
11 . 1
400
12
50
400 50
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
8 . 10
11 . 1
12
= = =
clay
clay
V
H
k
k
k
k
Ratio
65 cm2
Given:
1=1833 kg/m3, d1=100cm, k1=10(^-6)cm/s
2=1600kg/m3, d2=75cm, k2=10(^-7)cm/s
H1=100cm, H2=50cm

65 cm2
Given:
1=1833 kg/m3, d1=100cm, k1=10(^-6)cm/s
2=1600kg/m3, d2=75cm, k2=10(^-7)cm/s
H1=100cm, H2=50cm

Calculate equivalent hydraulic conductivity, keq:

sec
10 05 . 2
10
75
10
100
75 100
7
7 6
2
2
1
1
2 1
cm
k
d
k
d
d d
k
eq

=
+
+
=
+
+
=
65 cm2
Given:
1=1833 kg/m3, d1=100cm, k1=10(^-6)cm/s
2=1600kg/m3, d2=75cm, k2=10(^-7)cm/s
H1=100cm, H2=50cm


Find hydraulic gradient:

sec
10 05 . 2
10
75
10
100
75 100
7
7 6
2
2
1
1
2 1
cm
k
d
k
d
d d
k
eq

=
+
+
=
+
+
=
85 . 0
75 100
50 100
2 1
2 1
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
d d
H H
i
65 cm2
Given:
1=1833 kg/m3, d1=100cm, k1=10(^-6)cm/s
2=1600kg/m3, d2=75cm, k2=10(^-7)cm/s
H1=100cm, H2=50cm


Find hydraulic gradient:

Calculate flow rate:

sec
10 05 . 2
10
75
10
100
75 100
7
7 6
2
2
1
1
2 1
cm
k
d
k
d
d d
k
eq

=
+
+
=
+
+
=
85 . 0
75 100
50 100
2 1
2 1
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
d d
H H
i
s
cm
iA k q
eq
3
5 7
10 13 . 1 65 85 . 0 10 05 . 2

= = =
65 cm2
18m
4.5m
6.5m
9m
6.5m
5.4m
34m
In the flow test shown a
discharge of 27m3/hr of water
traveled in the sand layer
between the two piezometers.
What is the permeability if the
width of the sand layer
(perpendiculat to the paper) is
100 m?
18m
4.5m
6.5m
9m
6.5m
5.4m
34m
Given: q=27 cm3/hr, H(clay)=6.5m, H(sand)=9m,
AH=5.4m
D=34m, d=18m, Width=100m, Ah=4.5m

18m
4.5m
6.5m
9m
6.5m
5.4m
34m
AH=5.4m
D=34m, d=18m, Width=100m, Ah=4.5m

Determine the area:
Tan o =AH/D=5.4/34=0.1588-> o=9.02 degree.
A=H(sand)*cos o * width=(9)(cos9.02)(100)=889 m2

18m
4.5m
6.5m
9m
6.5m
5.4m
34m
AH=5.4m
D=34m, d=18m, Width=100m, Ah=4.5m

Determine the area:
Tan o =AH/D=5.4/34=0.1588-> o=9.02 degree.

Find hydraulic gradient, i:
L=d/(cos(a))=18/cos 9.02=18.23m
i=Ah/L=4.5/18.23=0.25

18m
4.5m
6.5m
9m
6.5m
5.4m
34m
AH=5.4m
D=34m, d=18m, Width=100m, Ah=4.5m

Determine the area:
Tan o =AH/D=5.4/34=0.1588-> o=9.02 degree.

Find hydraulic gradient, i:
L=d/(cos(a))=18/cos 9.02=18.23m
i=Ah/L=4.5/18.23=0.25

Calculate hydraulic conductivity, k:

K=q/(iA)=27/(0.25*889)=0.12 cm/hr=2.02*10^(-3) cm/s

Thank you.

GEOTECH-PERM

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

GEOTECH-PERM

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Geotechnical Engineering

You might also like