Classification of Organisms

Classification of Organisms
The

study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships is called systematics or

taxonomy

Taxonomy is the work involved in the original

description of a species. Systematics is the assigning of species into evolutionary groups.

Father of Modern Classification

The

modern classification system originated with the work of Carolus Linnaeus

he recognized the different species could be grouped into broader categories based on shared characteristics any grouping of animals that shares a particular set of characteristics forms an assemblage called a taxon

Modern taxonomists use 7 taxa:

kingdom,

phylum, class, order, family, genus and species

as taxa increase organisms get more specific

Binomial Nomenclature:
when

a species is talked about only the genus and species names are used
this is called the scientific name unique to each type of organism

Required

Zoological Nomenclature

by the International Code of

Writing Scientific Names

the

genus names is always capitalized both names are either italicized or underlined
leave a space in the underline between names ex.

Homo sapien Felis leo

Quercus rubra

Kingdoms of Life
In

1969, Robert H. Whitaker classified kingdoms based on cellular organization and mode of nutrition
this lead to the formation of the 5 kingdoms

5 Kingdoms of Classification:
Monera: comprised of bacteria and cyanobacteria distinguished by being single cell prokaryotes Protista: comprised of Amoeba, Paramecium etc. distinguished by being single celled eukaryotes

Plantae: multi-cellular photosynthetic eukaryotes plants have cell walls and are non-motile

5 Kingdoms of Classification:
Fungi: multi-cellular heterotrophic eukaryotes fungi have cell walls and usually non-motile digest organic matter extra-cellularly (outside of cell) and absorb the breakdown products Animalia: multi-cellular heterotrophic eukaryotes animal cells lack a cell wall and usually motile feed by ingesting other organisms or parts of other organisms

Monera
Protista

prokaryote
eukaryote

single-cell
multi-cell

Plantae

eukaryote

multi-cell

autotrophic

Fungi

eukaryote

multi-cell

heterotrophic, external digestion heterotrophic, internal digestion

Animalia

eukaryote

multi-cell

DOMAINS???
Many

taxonomists have pushed the idea that the five kingdom system isnt enough
they feel that organisms share too much similarities and need to be grouped otherwise

the push has led to the addition of 3 domains

3 Domains
1.

Archae: bacteria that live in extreme conditions Eubacteria: true bacteria Eukarya: all eukaryotic organisms

2. 3.

Patterns of Organization
Once

the kingdom of an organism has been decided other aspects of the organism must be looked at to determine its classification describes how the parts of an animal are arranged around a point or an axis

Symmetry:

Types of symmetry
Asymmetry:

the absence of a central point or axis around which body parts are equally distributed
characterizes most protists and many sponges not known to be an adaption or advantage to anything organisms do not develop complex communication, sensory, or locomotor functions

Types of symmetry
Radial

Symmetry: arrangement of body parts such that any plane passing through the central oral-aboral axis divides the animal into mirror images
oral-aboral axis: one point of reference is the mouth (oral end) and a second point of reference is the end opposite the mouth (aboral end) often modified by the arrangement of some structures in pairs , or in other combinations, around the central oral-aboral axis

Types of symmetry
Bilateral

Symmetry: the arrangement of body parts such that a single plane, passing between upper and lower surfaces and through the longitudinal axis of an animal, divides the animal into right and left mirror images.
characteristic of active, crawling, or swimming animals tend to move in one direction, so one end is generally more complex Cephalization: the development or formation of a distinct head

 Planes

of symmetry are used to describe the organisms based on the relationships of body parts all animals are easily described and can be confusing if different people try to explain them differently make it simpler some terms have been universally adopted.

Not

To

Terms of Directions:
Aboral: Oral:

Anterior:

Posterior: Caudal: Cephalic:

Distal:

the end opposite the mouth the end containing the mouth the head end; usually the end of a bilateral animal that meets its environment the tail end toward the tail toward the head away from the point of attachment of a structure on the body (the toes are distal to the knee)

Terms of Directions:

Proximal:

toward the point of attachment of a structure on the body (the hip is proximal to the knee) Dorsal: the back of an animal; usually the upper surface; synonymous with posterior for animals that walk upright Ventral: the belly of an animal; usually the lower surface; synonymous with anterior for animals that walk upright Inferior: below a point of reference (the mouth is inferior to the nose in humans) Superior: above the point of reference (the neck is superior to the chest) Lateral: away from the plane that divides a bilateral animal into mirror images Medial (median): on or near the plane that divides a bilateral animal into mirror images

Other Patterns of Organization

1.

Unicellular (Cytoplasmic) level: all single celled organisms

characteristic body plan of the Protista is not simple must provide for locomotion, food acquisition, digestion, water and ion regulation, sensory perception, and reproduction all in a single cell colonies can exist, but show little signs of interdependence, cooperation, or coordination of function

Other Patterns of Organization

2.

Diploblastic Organization: simplest tissue-level organization

tissue is derived from two embryonic layers A. Ectoderm: gives rise to the epidermis, the outer layer of the body wall

composed of epithelial and muscular cells

B. Endoderm: gives rise to the gastrodermis, the tissue that lines the gut cavity

composed of digestive and muscular cells

between the epidermis and gastrodermis is the mesoglea, a noncellular layer cells in each layer are functionally interdependent

Other Patterns of Organization

3.

Triploblastic Organization: tissues are derived from three embryological layers

like diploblastic, the ectoderm forms the outer layer and the endoderm lines the gut in between these two layers is the mesoderm: which gives rise to supportive, contractile, and blood cells most organisms have organ-system level of organization

Triploblastic Subgroups

Based on the presence of and what kind of body cavity they have.

Body Cavity: a fluid-filled space in which the internal organs can be suspended and separated from the body wall

Why are Body Cavities advantageous?

1.

2.
3.

4.
5.

6.

Provide more room for organ development. Provide more surface area for diffusion of gases, nutrients, and wastes into and out of organs Provide and area for storage. Often act as hydrostatic skeletons. Provide a vehicle for eliminating wastes and reproductive products from the body Facilitate increased body size.

Triploblastic Subgroups:
A.

Triploblastic Acoelemate Pattern: the mesoderm layer is a relatively solid mass of cells between ectodermal and endodermal layers
acoelemate means without a cavity some of the mesodermal cells are parenchyma: loosely organized cells not specialized for a specific function

Triploblastic Subgroups:
B.

Triploblastic Pseudocoelemate Pattern:

pseudocoelom: a body cavity not entirely lined

by mesoderm No muscular or connective tissues are associated with the gut tract No mesodermal sheet covers the inner surface of the body wall No membranes suspend organs in the body cavity

Triploblastic Subgroups:
C.

Triploblastic Coelemate Pattern:

coelem: a body cavity completely surrounded

by mesoderm peritoneum: thin mesodermal sheet that lines the inner body wall . serosa: thin mesodermal sheet that lines the outside of visceral organs.

peritoneum and serosa are continuous and

suspend visceral organs in the body cavity. mesentery: the suspending sheets of organisms.

Three major groups of the Animal Kingdom:

Mesozoa: includes phylum Mesozoa, or the mesozoans B. Parazoa: includes phylum Porifera, or the sponges C. Eumetazoa: includes all other phyla
A.

Eumetazoa are further divided into two groups based on body symmetry
Radiata: animals that have radial symmetry Bilateria: animals that have bilateral symmetry

 Bilateria

animals are divided into two group based on embryological characteristics

Comparative Embryology: studies based on the observation that embryological events may be similar because of shared ancestry

Two Bilateria Groups:

A.

B.

Protostomes: include animals in the phyla Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda, and others Deuterstomes: include animals in the phyla Echinodermatat, Hemichrodata, Chordata, and others.