FACTORS RELATED TO

CALL DROPPING IN GSM

NETWORK

M T N L : AT A GLANCE

MTNL i.e. Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited was first set up on April 1, 1986, by the government of India to upgrade the quality of telecom services, expend the telecom network, introduce new services, and to raise the revenue for telecom development need of Indias key metros: Delhi, the political capital and Mumbai, the business capital and till now, MTNL has taken rapid strides to emerge as Indias leading and Asias largest telecom operating companies.

HISTORICL DEVELOPMENT OF MTNL

1986 1986 1987 1988 1992 1996 1997 1999 2000 2001 Launched GSM Cellular Mobile service under the brand name Dolphin Launched WLL Mobile services under the brand name Garuda. MTNL Joint venture in Nepal, for providing WLL based services in Nepal became operational. CLI based Internet express services introduced. 2002 Launched pre-paid GSM Mobile services under the brand name Trump. Email on PSTN lines introduced under the brand name MTNL mail. Introduced CDMA 1x 2000 Technology under the brand name Garuda 1-x.

Creation of Mahanagar Telephones Nigam Limited First digital exchange world technology brought to India Largely Scale introduction of push button telephone made dialing easier. Phone Plus services multiplied benefits to telephone users.

Voice Mail Service Introduced

ISDN services introduced Wireless in Local loop introduced Internet services introduced. Millennium Telecom Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of MTNL is born

2003 2004

Expanded GSM & CDMA capacity by 800,000 lines each (total 1.6 million lines expanded) STD/ISD rates slashed by almost 60%. 2005 Leading market in GSM customer additions. Launched broadband services under the brand name TRI BAND. Floated tender for 1 m illion 3G GSM lines.

GSM: A BRIEF INTRODUCTION

initially known as groupe special mobile and was formed in 1982 within Europe to provide seamless roaming. further the name was changed to global system for mobile communication as the international demand was increasing day by day.

today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than 184
countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America).

WHY GSM????

Good subjective speech quality Low terminal and service cost Support for international roaming Ability to support handheld terminals Support for range of new services and facilities Spectral efficiency ISDN compatibility

GENERATIONS OF GSM
1G only Mobile Voice Services

2G
2.5G 2.75G 3G 3.5G 3.75G 3.9G

GSM CSD
HSCSD GPRS EDGE/EGPRS UMTS HSDPA HSUPA HSPA+ LTE (E-UTRA) also EV-DO

4G

LTE Advanced

GSM STANDARDS

PGSM(primary GSM)-900

EGSM(extended GSM)-900

RGSM(railway GSM)-900

GSM-1800

GSM-1900

Uplink Frequency

890-915 MHz

880-915 MHz

886-915 MHz

1710-1785 MHz

1850-1910 MHz

Downlink Frequency

935-960 MHz

925-960 MHz

931-960 MHz

1805-1880 MHz

1930-1990 MHz

Channel Spacing

200 kHz

200 kHz

200 kHz

200 kHz

200 kHz

Duplex Spacing

45 MHz

45 MHz

45 MHz

95 MHz

80 MHz

AFRCN

124

174

144

374

299

GSM RADIO SPECTRUM

GSM PHYSICAL CHANNELS

GSM USES PAIRED RADIO CHANNELS

890MHz

915MHz

935MHz

960MHz

124

124

TECHNOLOGY USED IN GSM

1. FDMA - frequency division multiple access

2. TDMA - time division multiple access

CONTD
3. FDD - frequency division duplexing
890MHz 915MHz

935MHz

960MHz

124

124

4. TDD - time division duplexing

STRUCTURE OF GSM NETWORK

CELL AND ITS SECTORIZATION

FREQUENCY REUSE

GSM: 2G ARCHITECTURE

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS

IMEI (international mobile equipment identity) IMSI (international mobile subscriber identity) TMSI (temporary mobile subscriber identity) MSISDN (mobile subscriber ISDN number) MSRN (mobile station roaming number)

GSM: PHYSICAL & LOGICAL CHANNELS

GSM: 3G ARCHITECTURE

BASIC CALL PROCESSING IN GSM

CONTD

GSM: HANDOVER
1. Softer Handover/ Intra-BSC Handover

CONTD
2. Soft Handover/ Inter-BSC Handover

CONTD
3. Hard Handover/ Inter- MSC Handover

GSM: CALL DROPPING

common term for a wireless mobile phone call that is terminated unexpectedly as a result of technical reasons. the dropped-call rate (DCR) is the fraction of the telephone calls which, due to technical reasons, were cut off before the speaking parties had finished their conversation and before one of them had hung up (dropped calls).

REASONS OF CALL DROP

if a network is congested. if mobile phone is out of the range of wireless network. if the cell is working on its full capacity during the handover. if there is a problem in signaling. if the signal strength is weak.

CONTD

interference can also be responsible for call dropping. if MS is not working properly. faulty hardware. faulty E1. poor VSWR.

REDUCTION METHODS

Check whether or not there are any alarms in the hardware at that site. Check both the E1s of the site are working properly or not. Check congestion parameters of the site. Check the maximum UPLINK/DOWNLINK channel elements (CE) defined in site. Check the neighbors of the sites (whether they are working properly or not).

CORRECTIVE MEASURES
1. RF Optimization (through RF drive)
Change of frequency Neighbors relations Congestion relief to neighboring sites New BTS is installed after analyzing the traffic or KPI. BTS Up gradation: Equipage of new hardware (TCH increases) Checking other hardware at BTS : Repairing faulty hardware

CONTD
2. Parameters modification at OMC
Half rate Congestion relief Increasing and decreasing SDCCH/TCH as per requirements after analyzing KPI Removing interference by RF frequency Defining neighbors

PARAMETERS CONSIDERED IN KPI

Interference on idle mode <= 10. Path Balance : 100-120 Voice call /data call /video call drop rate <= 3%. Maximum number of SDCCH <= 48.

REFERENCES
http://delhi.mtnl.net.in/glance/index.htm MOTOROLA cellular infrastructure group; CP02: INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL CELLULAR for training purpose only; issue 5, revision 4; Motorola LTD 1999; pp. 1-7, 3-2 to 3-41. GSM overview + Network Elements; ITTM MTNL Delhi; August 22, 2011; pp. 1 to 6. TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA;Telecomunicazioni, Undergraduate course in Electrical Engineering; University of Rome La Sapienza; Rome, Italy; 2007-2008; pp. 2, 17, 26. Prof. Jeffrey G. Andrews; Code Division Multiple Access for Wireless Communications; Wireless Networking and Communications Group (WNCG); Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept., University of Texas at Austin; pp. 2 to 6. Alarape Moshood Alabi, Akinwale Adio Taofiki, Folorunso Olusegun; A Combined Scheme for Controlling GSM Network Calls Congestion; International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887); Volume 14 No.3, January 2011. Nathaniel S. Tarkaa, Joseph M. Mom, Cosmas I. Ani; Drop Call Probability Factors in Cellular Networks; International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 2, Issue 10, October-2011. Cristovao Oliveira; GSM System Handover; Computer Science Department Faculty of Science and Technology New University of Lisbon Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica November 11, 2003; pp. 2 to 3.

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