TOPIC 3 INTRODUCTION TO

CALCULUS [MO1,MO2,MO3]
Integration
Application of Integration
Definition
Integration or the process of finding the antideravative
is one of the most important operations in calculus
It is opposite process of the differentiation
The notation will denote any anti-
derivative of .
is called as the integral of

is called the integrand



}
dx x f ) (
) (x f
}
) (x f
Types of integration
Indefinite
integral
Definite
integral
Indefinite integral


If is the derivative of the function ,
then is called the antideravative or
indefinite integral of .

We write integral of


) (x f
) (x F
) (x F
) (x f
}
+ = c x F dx x f ) ( ) (
Basic rules in integration
(Indefinite integral)
} }
= dx x f c dx x f c ) ( ) (
} } }
+ = + dx x g dx x f dx x g x f ) ( ) ( )] ( ) ( [
} } }
= dx x g dx x f dx x g x f ) ( ) ( )] ( ) ( [
} } }
= dx x g b dx x f a dx x g b x f a ) ( ) ( )] ( ) ( [
Constant multiple rule
Sum rule
Difference rule
Linearity rule
c dx + =
}
0 0
1 ,
1
1
= +
+
=
+
}
n c
n
x
dx x
n
n
Constant rule
Power rule
Power rule
1
ln | | x dx x c

= +
}
Example 1
Find the following antiderivatives:



c x x
x
c x
x x
dx dx x dx x
dx x x
+ =
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+
=
=

+ +
} } }
}
7
6
7
1 2
3
1 5
7 3
) 7 3 (
3
6
1 2 1 5
2 5
2 5
Solution:
dx x x
}
) 7 3 (
2 5
EXAMPLE 2
Find the integral of

(
3
+
1

2
+ ) .
Solution:
=

(
3
+
2
+
1
2
)
=

3+1
3+1
+

2+1
2+1
+

1
2
+1
1
2
+1
+
=

4
4
+

1
1
+

3
2
3
2
+
=

4
4

+
2
3
2
3
+
EXAMPLE 3
Integrate

3
+4
2
5

2
.
Solution:
=

2
+
4
2

2

=

+4 5
2

=

1+1
1+1
+4
5
2+1
2+1
+
=

2
2
+4
5
3
3
+
Integrating +

=
+
+1
+1
+
Example 4
Find the

7 +10
12
.
Solution:
=
7+10
12+1
12+1 7
+
=
7+10
13
91
+
Example 5
Integrate

2 5
17

Solution:
=

5 +2
17

=
5+12
17+1
17+1 5
+
=
5+2
18
90
+
Integration of
1

and
1
+

= ln || +

(
1
+
) =
1

ln + +
Example 6
Integrate the following functions with respect to
x:

= 3 ln +

1
2+5
=
1
2
ln |2 +5| +

4
32
=
4
2
ln 3 2 +
Method of integration
Integration by using substitution:

= +
Example 7
Exaluate

2
2
+1
50
.
Solution:
=

2
+1
50
2
=
2
+1

= 2.
:

2
+1
50
2 =

50

50

=

51
51
+
=

2
+1
51
51
+
Exercises

4
1

1
4+5

3
+2
2

2

DEFINITE INTEGRAL
If F(x) is any indefinite integral of f(x) so that F(x) = f(x) then:



( ) [ ( )] ( ) ( )
b
b
a
a
f x dx F x F b F a = =
}
Given a function f(x) of a real variable
x and an interval [a, b] of the real line,
the integral



is equal to the area of a region in the
xy-plane bounded by the graph of f,
the x-axis, and the vertical lines x = a
and x = b, with areas below the x-axis
being subtracted.

}
b
a
dx x f ) (
Example 8
}

2
0
2
) 2 ( dx x x
Evaluate:

(a)

(b)

}
|
.
|

\
|

4
1
2
1
dx
x
x
Example 9
Find the following antiderivatives:

(a)

(b)



dx x x
}

7 2
) 3 2 ( 4
dx x x
}
+
2
1
4 3
5
Application of integration
Area Under a Curve
Lesson Outcome:

Apply the definite integrals to find the area under curves.

The definite integral can be used to find the area between a graph
curve and the x axis, between two given x values. This area is
called the area under the curve regardless of whether it is above
or below the x axis.
Area when the curve is above the x-
axis
The area of the region that lies
under the curve y = f (x), and
the lines x = a, x = b, where f is
continuous and f (x) 0 for all x
in [a,b] is
}
=
b
a
dx x f ) ( Area

Area when the curve is below the x-
axis
The area of the region that lies under the curve y = f (x), and the lines
x = a, x = b, where f is continuous and f (x) 0 for all x in [a,b] is
}
=
b
a
dx x f ) ( Area
Example 10
MTH1022
Find the area bounded by ,
2
2
+ = x y
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
x = 0 x = 1
the x-axis
and the lines x = 0 and x = 1.
Solution
MTH1022
Given that the function is and the lines x = 0 and x = 1
2
2
+ = x y
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
x = 0 x = 1
2
2
+ = x y
= 0 = 1

+ =

+
=

+
=

Example 11
MTH1022
Find the area bounded by the lines and the
x-axis.
4 , 3 , 2 = = + = x x x y
3 x = 4 x =
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
solution
MTH1022
3 x = 4 x =
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
= + 2
= 3 = 4
= + 2
+ 2 =

2
2
+ 2
4
3
4
3

=
4
2
2
+ 2 4
3
2
2
+2 3
=
16
2
+8
9
2
+ 6
= 0
3
2

=
3
2


.
3
2

2

Example 12
MTH1022
Find the area underneath the curve from x = -1 to x = 1.
3
x y =
x = -1 x = 1
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
BECAREFUL OF THE INTERVAL VALUE!!
FOR INTERVAL THAT PASSES 0IT IS
ADVICED THAT YOU SHOULD
SEPARATE THEM IN 2 INTEGRAL
EQUATIONS.
Solution
MTH1022
Find the area underneath the curve from x = -1 to x = 1.
3
x y =
x = -1 x = 1
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
= =
= =

3
=
3

0
1
+
3

1
0
1
1

=

4
4
0
1
+

4
4
1
0

=
0
4
4

1
4
4
+
1
4
4

0
4
4

= 0
1
4
+
1
4
0
=
1
4
+
1
4

=
1
2

2



Example 13
MTH1022
Find the area bounded by the lines , the y-axis and . 1 , 0 = = y y
2
x y =
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Solution
MTH1022
Find the area bounded by the lines , the y-axis and . 1 , 0 = = y y
2
x y =
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
=
2
= =
1
2

= 0 = 1

1
2

1
0
=

3
2
3
2
1
0

=
1
3
2
3
2

0
3
2
3
2

=
2
3

2

Example 14
MTH1022
Find the area bounded by , the lines y = 2, y = 4 and the
y-axis.
x
y
2
=
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Solution
MTH1022
Find the area bounded by , the lines y = 2, y = 4 and the
y-axis.
x
y
2
=
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
=
2

=
2

= 2 = 4

4
2
= [ln||]
4
2

= (ln4) (ln2)
= 2.771 1.386
= 1.385
2

Exercise
1. Find the area bounded by the graph of y=x
3

and x-axis from x=-1 to x=1.

2. Find the area bounded by the graph of y=x
3

and y-axis from y=1 to y=4.



MTH1022
Solutions
1. Given that =
3
and = 1 = 1 .
Point x will form:
= 1 = 0 & = 0 = 1

3
1
1
=

3
0
1
+

1
0

=

4
4
0
1
+

4
4
1
0

=
0
4
4

1
4
4
+
1
4
4

0
4
4

=
1
4
+
1
4

=
1
2

2

Solution
2. Given that y=x
3
and = 1 = 4 .
=
3
=
3
=
1
3

1
3

4
1
=

1
3
+1
1
3
+1
4
1

=

4
3
4
3
4
1
=
3
4
3
4
4
1

=
3 4
4
3
4

3 1
4
3
4

= 4.012
2


Area Under a Curve
In order to find area under a curve/graph,
you must first sketch the curve/graph to
determine the actual region.

Area under a curve is a region formed
between the curve and x-axis; can be either
above or below the x-axis.

We need to take the absolute value to find
the area.
MTH1022
Summary
Area Under
A Curve
Area between two curves at the x-axis
If f and g are continuous on the
interval [a,b], and if f (x) g(x) for all
x in [a,b], then the area of the region
bounded by y = f (x), y = g(x),
x = a, and x = b is:
}
=
b
a
dx x g x f )] ( ) ( [ A
Area Between Two Curves
MTH1022
To remember the above formula we write
( )
}
=
b
a
dx function lower - function upper A
where . b x a s s
Area between two curves at the y-axis
If f(y) and g(y) are continuous on the
interval [c,d], and if f(y) g(y) for all y
in [c,d], then the area of the region
bounded by x = f(y), x = g(y), y = c,
and y = d is
}
=
d
c
dy y v y u )] ( ) ( [ A
Area Between Two Curves
MTH1022
To remember the above formula we write
( )
}
=
d
c
dy function left - function right A
where .
d y c s s
Find the area of the region bounded by the curve and the
lines y = - x, x = 0 and x = 1.
2
2
+ = x y
Example 15
MTH1022
Answer:
2
unit
6
5
2 = A
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
x = 1 x = 0
x y =
Solution
MTH1022
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
x = 1 x = 0
2
2
+ = x y
UF
LF

1
0

=
2
+ 2
1
0

=
2
+ 2 +
1
0

=

3
3
+2 +

2
2
1
0

=
1
3
3
+ 2 1 +
1
2
2
0
=
17
6
= 2
5
6

2

Example 16
MTH1022
Find the area of the region that is enclosed between the curve
and the line .
2
x y =
6 + = x y
Answer:
2
unit
6
5
20 = A
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Example 17
MTH1022
Find the area of the region bounded by the curves and
2
4 x y =
Answer:
2
unit 9 = A
x x y 2
2
=
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Example 18
MTH1022
Find the area of the region enclosed by and y = x 2 ,
integrating with respect to y.
2
y x =
Answer:
2
unit
2
1
4 = A
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10
Example 19
MTH1022
Find the area between the curve and . 10
2
+ = y x
2
) 2 ( = y x
Answer:

-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Example 20
MTH1022
Determine the area of the region bounded by and
.
2
y x =
Answer:
2
unit
3
2
2 = A
. 2
2
y x =
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
-10 -5 0 5 10

Summary:
Area Between Two Curves
MTH1022
1. Sketch the graph by the given functions.
2. Identify the region bounded by the
functions or curves.
3. Determine the curves intersection or
determine the limits of integration.
4. Integrate the function on related axis.

Steps to find the area between two curves:
Area
Between
Two Curves