Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Practical information
JUR5739 International Humanitarian Law (The Law of Armed Conflict):
www.uio.no/studier/emner/jus/jus/JUR5730/index.xml Autumn 2007: Time and place (teaching) (Corr.:11 Oct.: 14.15 16.00) Syllabus (achievement requirements) Course outline Reading Assignment
Lecture 1
Introduction to IHL course:
Overview of the course Terminology International law Jus ad bellum and jus in bello Brief history of IHL Main sources of IHL
Overview
1. Introduction 2. Main Principles of IHL 3. Applicability and Scope 4. Group work 5. Methods in armed conflict 6. Means in armed conflict 7. Protection (Civilians and Prisoners of war) 8. Grave breaches/ Individual criminal responsibility 9. Asymmetrical warfare and direct participation in hostilities
10. a) Cultural property b) National implementation of IHL 11. Group work (The heavy water sabotage actions) 12. IHL and Human Rights 13. Armed conflicts and the war on terror 14. Peace Support Operations: which rules apply? 15. Group work/exam preparation
Introduction
Terminology:
International Humanitarian Law (IHL) Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC)
International Human Rights Law International Refugee Law International Criminal Law
International Law
The law that regulates the relationship between States States are the core subjects of international law - - states have rights and obligations under international law
All states are sovereign All states are therefore formally equal
State
State
Individuals / legal persons State State
Article 38 of the ICJ Statute: 1. The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply:
a. international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states;
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties: Article 31 General rule of interpretation: 1. A treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose. Article 32 Supplementary means of interpretation Recourse may be had to supplementary means of interpretation, including the preparatory work of the treaty and the circumstances of its conclusion, in order to confirm the meaning resulting from the application of article 31, or to determine the meaning when the interpretation according to article 31: (a) leaves the meaning ambiguous or obscure; or (b) leads to a result which is manifestly absurd or unreasonable.
2) Non-combatants:
Soldiers hors de combat (Sick, wounded, surrendered, POWs)
Civilians
Jus ad bellum
The Prohibition: The UN Charter Article 2 (4): The use or threat of use of force against states is prohibited The only exceptions: The UN Charter Articles 39 41 and the right of self defence (Article 51)
The Prohibition against the use of force Article 2 (4) All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.
CHAPTER VII ACTION WITH RESPECT TO THREATS TO THE PEACE, BREACHES OF THE PEACE, AND ACTS OF AGGRESSION
Article 39 The Security Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken in accordance with Articles 41 and 42, to maintain or restore international peace and security.
Article 41
The Security Council may decide what measures not involving the use of armed force are to be employed to give effect to its decisions, and it may call upon the Members of the United Nations to apply such measures. These may include complete or partial interruption of economic relations and of rail, sea, air, postal, telegraphic, radio, and other means of communication, and the severance of diplomatic relations.
Article 42
Should the Security Council consider that measures provided for in Article 41 would be inadequate or have proved to be inadequate, it may take such action by air, sea, or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security. Such action may include demonstrations, blockade, and other operations by air, sea, or land forces of Members of the United Nations.
Article 51
Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective selfdefence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security.
Measures taken by Members in the exercise of this right of self-defence shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace
Proportionality
Distinction
Military necessity
The two Additional Protocols (1977): Additional rules on means and protection 1) In international armed conflicts 2) In non-international armed conflicts
Article 38 (1) b ICJ Statutes: ..international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law;
The ICRC Study on International Humanitarian Law was Commissioned by State Parties to the Geneva Conventions in 1995 Three volumes in 2005:
1) The rules (161 rules) 2 and 3) State practice