Mobilility LTE

LTE Mobility
1 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
Air Interface Rel99 / Rel 4

CELL URA CELLPCH
CELL DCH QoS
CELL FACH NO QoS
IDLE
Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
LTE Always on
In the early deployment phase, LTE coverage will certainly be restricted to city and hot spot areas. MORE HOs than Rel99
Cell DCH Connected Handover LTE Connected Handover GSM Connected
Connection Cell FACH Establishment/ Release Cell URA Cell PCH
GPRS Packet Transfer
Connection Establishment/Release
Connection Establishment/Release
Reselection IDLE
LTE _IDLE
GSM/GPRS IDLE
UE Power up
UE Power up
DL Syn and Physical Channel ID
Acquire another LTE Cell
Find MIB System BW MCC +MNC SIBs supported
PLMN ID matches
PCFICH ProcessingKnows the set up of PDCCH Retrieval of SIBs Cell Selection Parameters
Cell Barred Cell Selection Successful

4
After Attach Defaulf Bearer/IP adress
Yes
Pre-amble / Attach
EPS Mobility Management

Evolved Packet Core (EPC) EPS Mobility Management 2 states: EMM-DEREGISTERED EMM-REGISTERED
HSS
Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)
MME: Mobility Management Entity
S6a X2 S1-MME S11 S1-U LTE-Uu

Serving Gateway
MME
S7
PCRF
Evolved Node B (eNB) LTE-UE
S5
Internet PDN Gateway
EPS Mobility Management 2 states

EMM-DEREGISTERED: In this state the MME holds no valid location
information about the UE Successful Attach and Tracking Area Update (TAU) procedures lead to transition to EMMREGISTERED
MME
EMM-REGISTERED: In this state the MME holds location information for the UE at least to the accuracy of a tracking area In this state the UE performs TAU procedures, responds to paging messages and performs the service request procedure if there is uplink data to be sent
MME
Tracking Area update - IDLE

LTE Non Access Stratum (NAS) The LTE NAS protocol software enables communication with the MME in the LTE core network and handles functions of mobility
Tracking Area Identity = MCC (Mobile

Country Code), MNC (Mobile Network Code) and TAC (Tracking Area Code
Tracking Area Tracking Area
NAS: Tracking Area update
7
s6a
MME
Home
HSS
Tracking Area update - IDLE Tracking areas are allowed to overlap: one cell can belong to multiple tracking areas
TAI1 TAI1-2 TAI1 TAI1-2 TAI2
TAI1 TAI2
TAI2 TAI2 TAI2
TAI2
TAI2 TAI2 TAI2 TAI2 TAI2 TAI3 TAI3 TAI3 TAI3
8
NAS: Tracking Area update
MME
LTE Functional Nodes- Management Entity (MME

Tracking Area Update Request S-TMSI/IMSI, PDN address allocation Tracking Area Update Accept
MME
Tracking Area Update Complete
S1-MME (Control Plane)

NAS Protocols
S1-AP SCTP IP
eNB
L1/L2 S1-U (User Plane)
Tracking area (TA) is similar to Location/routing area in

2G/3G Tracking Area Identity = MCC (Mobile Country Code), MNC (Mobile Network Code) and TAC (Tracking Area 9 Code
User PDUs
GTP-U UDP IP
Serving Gateway
Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International L1/L2
LTE Functional Nodes- (MME)

IMSI: Home -HSS Used to uniquely identify a subscriber world-wide. Its structure is kept in form of MCC+MNC+MSIN:MCC MSIN: mobile subscriber identification number MME uses the IMSI to locate the HSS holding the subscribers permanent registration data for tracking area updates and attaches.
NAS Protocols
V-HSS
S6a
eNB
S1-AP SCTP
MME
Tracking Area Update Request S-TMSI/IMSI,

10
IP L1/L2 S1-MME (Control Plane)

S-TMSI: It is dynamically allocated by the serving MME. Its main purpose is to avoid usage of IMSI on air. Internally the allocating MME can translate STMSI into IMSI and vice versa.
NAS Protocols
eNB
S1-AP SCTP
MME
Tracking Area Update Request S-TMSI/IMSI,

11
IP L1/L2 S1-MME (Control Plane)

Summary
Attach EMM deregistered Detach
EMM-DEREGISTERED: In this state the MME holds no valid location information about the UE Successful Attach and Tracking Area Update (TAU) procedures lead to transition to EMMREGISTERED
EMM registered
EPS Mobility Management

RRC States Idle OR Connected

In the early deployment phase, LTE coverage will certainly be restricted to city and hot spot areas.
GSM Connected GPRS Packet Transfer
Connection Establishment/Release Connection Establishment/Release
Cell DCH Connected
Handover
LTE Connected
Handover
Connection Cell FACH Establishment/ Release
Cell URA Cell PCH
IDLE
LTE _IDLE
GSM/GPRS IDLE
Cell Selection /Reselection
13
RRC Connected Always ON

MME triggered SAE bearer setup: This happens typically during the attach procedure of an UE. HO Handovers supported Signaling Bearer to MME
HSS
MME
S11
LTE-Uu eNB S1-U Serving Gateway PDN Gateway Internet
S5
DEFAULT SAE Bearer Service
External Bearer Service
14 System Architecture Evolution- SAE
RRC Connected
MME triggered SAE bearer setup: Depending on the information coming from HSS, the MME will set up an initial SAE bearer, also known as the default SAE bearer. This SAE bearer provides the initial connectivity of the UE with its external data network
HSS
MME
S11
LTE-Uu eNB S1-U Serving Gateway PDN Gateway Internet
S5
DEFAULT SAE Bearer Service
IP Address Allocation with Default bearer

15 System Architecture Evolution- SAE Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
Setting up a default bearer

IDLE Cell Selection done by UE Based on UE measurements Controlled by parameters MUST PERFORM ATTACH CCCH:RRC Connection Request
Admission control
RRC Connected Network controlled handovers Based on UE measurements ALWAYS ON
CCCH:RRC Connection Set up DCCH:RRC Connection Set up Complete Connected DEFAULT BEARER SET UP
16
IP Address Allocation with Default bearer
LTE Functional Nodes- default SAE bearer.

LTE-Uu eNB S1-U Serving Gateway S5 PDN Gateway Internet
SIP server SIP default SAE bearer NGBR
The default SAE bearer is created after the UE performs the attach. Subsequent SAE bearers are known as dedicated SAE bearers. They are expected to be allocated on a per application base
VoIP
dedicated SAE bearers - GBR Dedicated SAE bearers are to be triggered by Service Request
17
Set up dedicated SAE bearers.

LTE-Uu eNB S1-U Serving Gateway S5 PDN Gateway Internet
default SAE bearer NGBR
SERVICE REQUEST
SERVICE REQUEST
MME
RRC Reconfig
Initial Context
RRC ACK
Context ACK
Update Bearer
Update ACK
18
RRC IDLE
IDLE NO S1 BEARER Cell Selection done by UE Based on UE measurements TRACKING AREA UPDATE
HSS
MME
LTE-Uu
eNB S1-U
Serving Gateway
S5
PDN Gateway Internet
In this state the MME holds location information for the UE at least to the accuracy of a tracking area In this state the UE performs TAU procedures, responds to paging messages and performs the service request procedure if there is uplink data to be sent

LTE-Uu
MME
Serving Gateway
PDN Gateway
Internet
Paging S-TMSI,
Paging S-TMSI,
DL Packet Notification
DL Data
Service Request S-TMSI RRC_Connected Connected
20
RRC IDLE Cell Selection
eNB
21
RRC IDLE
BCCH
SIBs
BCH
MIB
Radio Block
DL-SCH PDSCH
PBCH
22
RRC IDLE
Logical channels
BCCH
MIB
BCH DL-SCH
Transport channels
Physical channels
PBCH PDSCH
20Mhz BW
MIB BW = 1.08Mhz
23
RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power)

RSRP is a RSSI type of measurement. It measures the average received power over the resource elements that carry cellspecific reference signals within certain frequency bandwidth.
RSRP is applicable in both RRC_idle and RRC_connected modes
Radio Block
reference signals Are transmitted in ALL radio blocks
24
Physical Cell Identity (PCI)

The UE moving towards a new cell and identifies the Physical Cell Identity (PCI) based on the Synchronization signals Physical Cell Identity (PCI) = 504
P-SCH
S-SCH
P-SCH: for cell search and identification by the UE -Carries part of the cell ID (one of 3 orthogonal sequences)
S-SCH: for cell search and identification by the UE Carries the remainder of the cell ID (one of 168 binary sequences)
25
Cell Reselection:
PCI
Measurement criteria
PCI
PCI
PCI
Measured neighbours
S criteria Srx > Q rxlevmeas (qrxlevmin Qrelevmin offset) R criteria neighboring cell was ranked with the highest value R
Suitable neighbours
Best ranked cell
Re-selection if not serving cell
26
LTE_ACTIVE idle (Cell Selection)

LTE_ACTIVE idle
RRC Idle Cell Selection done by UE Base on UE Measurements
For a cell to be suitable: S rx level>0 Srx > Q rxlevmeas (qrxlevmin Qrelevmin offset)
Q rxlevmeas RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power)
reference signals Are transmitted in ALL radio blocks
27
RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power)

RSRP is a RSSI type of measurement. It measures the average received power over the resource elements that carry cell-specific reference signals within certain frequency bandwidth.
RSRP is applicable in both RRC_idle and RRC_connected modes
20Mhz BW
REF BW = 1.08Mhz
28
LTE_ACTIVE idle (Cell Selection)

For a cell to be suitable: S rx level>0 Srx > Q rxlevmeas (qrxlevmin Qrelevmin offset) Srx = -100 (-80) = -20 (Will not do cell selection)
Q qrxlevmin =-80dBm
Q rxlevmeas=-100dBm Will not do cell selection Q rxlevmeas RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power)
Cell Reselection: R-Criterion

PCI
Measurement criteria
PCI
PCI
PCI
Measured neighbours
S criteria
Suitable neighbours
R criteria
Rs = Qmeas,s + Qhysts cell)
Best ranked cell
Rn = Qmeas,n - Qoffsets,n
for candidate neighbouring cells for cell reselection
Cell Reselection: R-Criterion

Rs = Qmeas,s + Qhysts (for the serving cell)
Rn > Rs =>cell reselectio
Qmeas,n
RSRP (dBM)
Rn
Qmeas,s Qhysts
Rs Qoffsets,n
Treselection the time interval value Treselection, whose value ranges between 0 and 31 seconds
HANDOVER RRC CONNECTED
32
LTE Functional Nodes- Management Entity (MME

S1-AP UE ID: Two additional temporary identifiers allocated by eNB and MME: - eNB S1-AP UE ID - MME S1-AP IE ID
eNB

NAS Protocols
MME
S1-AP SCTP IP L1/L2 S1-U (User Plane)

User PDUs
GTP-U UDP IP
33
Serving Gateway
Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International L1/L2
LTE Functional Nodes- X2

X2-CP X2-UP (Control Plane) (User Plane)
Connected Mode
User PDUs
eNB
X2-AP
GTP-U
X2
SCTP UDP IP IP
eNB
L1/L2 L1/L2
34
User plane switching in Handover
RLC
RLC
RLC
X2
Connection
RLC
RLC
RLC
35
Handover
Connected Mode Mobility In LTE_ACTIVE, when a UE moves between two LTE cells
DATA
User Plane TCP/UDP IP PDCP RLC MAC PHY
Control NAS RRC RLC MAC PHY
Serving Gateway
MME
NAS
Control NAS RRC RLC MAC PHY
GTP -C UDP IP L2 Ethernet
GTP -C UDP IP L2 Ethernet L1-SDH
GTP -U UDP IP L2 Ethernet L1-SDH
S1AP SCTP IP L2 (Ethernet)
NAS S1AP SCTP IP

L2 (Ethernet)
L1-SDH
DIRECTION
S1Cont rol MME
36
LTE Functional Nodes-eNodeB 2G network operators need to define the neighbour lists Also 3G network operators need to define the neighbour lists but it is possible for UE to detect the new cells outside neighbour list which makes neighbour list creation simpler.
37
AUTOMATIC NEIGHBOUR RELATIONS

The UE can detect the intra frequency neighbours WITHOUT neighour lists LTE_Conected
The UE moving towards a new cell and identifies the Physical Cell Identity (PCI) based on the Synchronization signals Physical Cell Identity (PCI) = 504 The measurement report contains information about the PCI and the corresponding RSRP of the candidate cell
UE MEASUREMENT RORT WITH PCI
Seving eNodeB

THERE IS NO X2 CONNECTION Therefore the serving eNodeB requests the UE to decode the Global Cell ID from broadcast channel LTE_Connected state
The PCI cannot uniquely ID cell there could be thousands of cells Seving eNodeB
Request for Global cell ID
39

LTE_Connected state The globally unique cell identifier (GID) in LTE consists of two parts: PLMN Identity: The identity of the Public Land Mobile Network. Note that a cell may have multiple PLMN identities. CIPL: Unique Cell Identity for a cell within a PLMN Seving eNodeB
UE to decode the Global Cell ID from broadcast channel
UE reports Global Cell ID
40
AUTOMATIC NEIGHBOUR RELATIONS whenever a new cell is introduced into the system it contacts a Operation Support Systems (OSS) in the network. The configuration server provides the new cell with the GID identity and an IP address OR/AND VLAN ID
GID NEW CELL ADDED IP address VLAN
Operation Support Systems (OSS)

OSS may initiate a network wide re-planning of PCIs when a conflict is detected.
neighbor cell relation (NCR)
10,6 PCI= 5 Serving Cell PCI=10
6,5,10
Operation Support Systems (OSS)
PCI= 6
PCI=10
5,10
42
6,5

The serving cell may order the mobile to read the GID This could be done for example: if the PCI is associated with a cell with handover failures in the past or if a central node such as the OSS has requested it. Or PCI conflicts
This method makes use of mobile measurements to update the neighbour cell relation lists in the cells and to detect local cell identity conflicts, report the conflicts to the Operation Support Systems (OSS
PCI= 6
5,10
43
Example
When a measurement report is received from a mobile it is handled according to the following scheme:
Is the PCI of the candidate cell already known in the serving cell (i.e. is the neighbour relation already established)?
Yes: Initiate handover decision procedure. Neighbour Cell Relation (NCR) PCI 50 VLAN ID 20 IP address 10.1.1.1
PCI=50
PCI=40
Example
Is the PCI of the candidate cell already known in the serving cell (i.e. is the neighbour relation already established)? No: Consider the candidate cell as a NCR list candidate. Order the UE to report GID. Obtain connectivity information for the candidate cell and signal to the candidate cell, directly or through the core network, about a mutual addition to the NCR lists of the two cells. neighbor cell relation (NCR) 40
PCI=50
candidate
PCI=40
Hand over -Inter Frequency
Transmission Gap Idle period Minimum one sub-frame Configured in UE by Enode B UE needs Inter frequent Neighbour list
46
Questions
How many PCI are there?
What is the function of the MIB?
What physical channel is the MIB transmitted on?
What is the bandwidth of a radio Block?
47
Questions
What is the function of the S-TMSI and what allocates it?
The total number of handovers are likely to be higher in LTE than in UMTS..Why?
What is meant by a VLAN?
48

Mobilility LTE

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LTE Mobility

1 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International

Air Interface Rel99 / Rel 4

CELL DCH QoS

CELL FACH NO QoS

Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International

Connection Cell FACH Establishment/ Release Cell URA Cell PCH

GPRS Packet Transfer

Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International

DL Syn and Physical Channel ID

Acquire another LTE Cell

Find MIB System BW MCC +MNC SIBs supported

Cell Barred Cell Selection Successful

After Attach Defaulf Bearer/IP adress

Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International

EPS Mobility Management

Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)

MME: Mobility Management Entity

S6a X2 S1-MME S11 S1-U LTE-Uu

Evolved Node B (eNB) LTE-UE

Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International

EPS Mobility Management 2 states

Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International

Tracking Area update - IDLE

Tracking Area Identity = MCC (Mobile

Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International

NAS: Tracking Area update

Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International

LTE Functional Nodes- Management Entity (MME

Tracking Area Update Complete

S1-MME (Control Plane)

L1/L2 S1-U (User Plane)

Tracking area (TA) is similar to Location/routing area in

Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International L1/L2

LTE Functional Nodes- (MME)

Tracking Area Update Request S-TMSI/IMSI,

IP L1/L2 S1-MME (Control Plane)

LTE Functional Nodes- (MME)

Tracking Area Update Request S-TMSI/IMSI,

IP L1/L2 S1-MME (Control Plane)

EPS Mobility Management

RRC States Idle OR Connected

Cell DCH Connected

Connection Cell FACH Establishment/ Release

Cell URA Cell PCH

Cell Selection /Reselection

Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International

RRC Connected Always ON

DEFAULT SAE Bearer Service

External Bearer Service

14 System Architecture Evolution- SAE

Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International

S1-MME (Control Plane)

DEFAULT SAE Bearer Service

External Bearer Service

IP Address Allocation with Default bearer

Setting up a default bearer

RRC Connected Network controlled handovers Based on UE measurements ALWAYS ON

IP Address Allocation with Default bearer

Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International

LTE Functional Nodes- default SAE bearer.

SIP server SIP default SAE bearer NGBR

Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International