GENERATOR, TRANSFORMER, MOTOR AND TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION PROTECTIONS

Muhammad Waseem Shahzad

Topics to be Covered
Why Power Equipment and System are Protected What are the faults and abnormal conditions. Current & Potential Transformers in Protective Relaying. Generator Protection Relays and Scheme Power Transformer Protection and Scheme Motor Protection Relays Transmission Line Protection Relays and Scheme Bus Bar Protection

Why Power Equipment and System are Protected

Protection is process through which an Equipment / a system is protected against any type of abnormal OR fault condition. As million of rupees are spent on Generator, Transformers , Motors and Transmission & Distribution of Electrical Power. Designed to work under normal condition, therefore abnormal condition may damage the equipment / system. To protect these equipments and systems , Protective Relaying scheme are installed. Normally the cost of Protection is 10% of the cost of equipment / system cost.

Protective Relay and Purpose of Applying Protective Relay

A protective relay is a device that trips, or opens, a circuit breaker when it detects a fault. It monitors an electrical circuit for a set of parameters, such as voltage and time, and trips the circuit breaker when it detects overload conditions. Detect the abnormal conditions. Isolate Faulty Equipment / System Keep Healthy System remain Operational

Fault and Abnormal Conditions

Generator : Over Current, Over Voltage, Under Voltage, Under
Frequency, Unbalanced Current, Loss of Excitation, Reverse Power, Winding Inter turn Fault, Winding Earth Fault etc.
Transformer : Over Current, Winding Inter turn fault, Excessive Temperature Rise, Unbalance Current, Over fluxing etc. Motors : Over Current, Under Voltage, Unbalance Current, Winding Short Circuit, Stator Earth Fault, etc. Transmission Line : Single Phase to ground fault, Phase to Phase Fault, three phase to ground fault, Over Current etc.

Current and Voltage Transformers in Protective Relaying System

Protective Relays in A.C. Power Systems are connected from the secondary circuits of C.T. & P.T. Current Transformers : C.T. are used for measurement and Protection. Its step down the current from high value to low current value. Their ratio is constant for given range of Primary & Secondary Current. Potential Transformer : P.T. are used for measurement and Protection. Its step down the high voltage to low voltage value. The ratio is constant for given range of Primary and Secondary voltage.

Current Transformers
Current Transformer (CT) : A device which transforms the current on the power system from large primary values to safe secondary values. The secondary current will be proportional (as per the ratio) to the primary current.

Potential Transformers

Potential Transformer (PT): A device which transforms the voltage on the power system from primary values to safe secondary values, in a ratio proportional to the primary value.

Generator Protections
Differential Protection. Negative Sequence Protection. Reverse Power Protection. Loss of Excitation Protection. Stator Earth Fault Protection (95%) Stator Earth Fault Protection (100%) Under Frequency Protection (1st and 2nd Stage) Over Voltage Protection Rotor Earth fault Protection TimeLag Over Load Protection

Differential Protection
Primarily used for detecting winding faults in generators. Inter turn leakage in a generator is not detected, because with this fault the currents are same on both sides of the protected object. The relay is connected to both sides of the protected object. It measures by comparing the incoming and outgoing currents. In a normal operation or if a fault occurs outside the protected zone, no current flows in the differential circuit. In the case of a fault, differential current flows and relay pick up to generate the tripping signal

Negative Sequence Protection

For a balance load, the phase currents are equal in magnitude and displaced electrically by 120 .
Unbalance loading give rise to negative sequence component in the stator current. Results in Excessive Rotor heating primarily on the surface of cylindrical rotors.

Reverse Power Protection

Used to protect Generators from Motor Action and to protect damage to the Prime Mover.
When driving torque becomes less than the total losses in the Generator and Prime Mover, Generator starts working as synchronous compensator taking Active Power from the system. Results in Over Heating of Turbine Blades.

Loss of Excitation Protection

Due to Opening of Field Breaker.
An Open or Short Circuit at the field winding. Fault in AVR causing field current to Zero. Goes out of synchronism and running at higher speed to absorb MVAR from the system.

Stator Earth Fault Protection

Usually two types of earth faults are provided:
To detect earth faults up to 95 % of the generator winding . To detect earth faults in the vicinity of the neutral point 100 % earth fault protection is provided for the detection of earth faults on the entire stator winding.

Under Frequency Protection

Under Frequency occurs when the Generator are loaded beyond their maximum turbine input.
Sustainable Under Frequency operation causes failure of Steam Turbine Blades due to excessive vibrations. Under Frequency operation also cause the over excitation of field to maintain the rated Generator terminal voltage.

Thermal Over Load Protection

Continued overloading increase the winding temperature to such a extent that the insulation will be damaged.
In large Generator, thermal elements (RTDs) are embedded in the stator slots to detect the winding / slot temperatures. It has inverse characteristics i.e. increase in the stator current, reduction in the tripping time.

Over Voltage Protection

Increase in field current due to faulty AVR increases the MVAr output results in the sudden increase of terminal voltage and tripping of the machine by over voltage relay. Over Excitation limits are also provided to limit the rise in field current and subsequently generator terminal voltage During sudden loss of load and over speeding of generator, over voltage relay may operates and trip the machine instantaneously.

Rotor Earth Fault Protection

Rotor circuit may be exposed to abnormal mechanical or thermal stresses due to vibration, excessive currents or due to choking of cooling medium. Results in break down of insulation between field winding and Rotor Iron. Single Earth fault usually do not cause much damaged due to small fault current however if a second earth Fault occurs, immediately take the machine out of service for all the necessary tests.

Protection Panel

Tripping Matrix

X 2 X 3 X 4 X 5 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

87G GENERATOR DIFF. 64G STATOR EARTH 95% 49 STATOR OVERLOAD 87T AUX. TRANS. DIFF. 50/51 MINIMUM CURRENT 32 REVERSE POWER 1ST 32 REVERSE POWER 2ND 64R ROTOR EARTH FAULT 59 GENERATOR OVERCURRENT 59 GENERATOR OVERCURRENT 51 AUX. TRANS. OVERCURRENT 51 AUX. TRANS. OVERCURRENT INTERLOCK TRIP

X 7 X 8 9 10 11 12 13 X X X X TURBINE TRIP B 220kV CB TRIP FIELD BREAKER TRIP BBE INCOMING CB TRIP BBF INCOMING CB TRIP HITASS CRITERIA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X TURBINE TRIP A AUX. BUS CHANGEOVER TO ABCA AUX. BUS X CHANGEOVER TO ABCB X BF START X X X X X X X X X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

LEFT CHANNEL

87 GEN. TRANS. DIFF. 59 GEN. OVERVOLTAGE 32 REVERSE POWER 1ST 32 REVERSE POWER 2ND 46 GEN. NEG. PHASE SEQ. 46 GEN. NEG. PHASE SEQ. 50/51 MINIMUM CURRENT 81 UNDERFREQUENCY 1ST 81 UNDERFREQUENCY 2ND 40 MIN. REACTANCE

Tripping Matrix Logic

RIGHT CHANNEL

Transformer Protection and Scheme

Transformer Differential Transformer Over Current Transformer Restricted Earth Fault Transformer Buchholz Transformer Winding Over Temperature Transformer Oil Pressure Relief

Transformer Protection
Differential Protection: What goes in must come out.. P-in = P-out

Transformer Over Current & Restricted Earth Fault Protection

Over current Relay

Restricted Earth Fault Relay

Over current Relay

Transformer Buchholz Relay

Diagram of Buchholz Relay

Buchholz Relay (GOR)

Oil Inlet

Oil Out Let

Winding Temperature Indicator for Transformer (WTI) with Micro Switches

Pressure Relief Valve (PRV)

Motor Protection Relays

Instantaneous Over Current Protection Over Load Protection with Time Delay. Current Unbalance Protection Earth Fault Protection Differential Protection Under Voltage Protection.

Transmission Line Protection

Distance Protection Over Current Protection Differential Protection. Main and Back up Protection

Distance Relay Protection

The basic principle is that the apparent impedance seen by the relay reduces drastically in case of line fault. If the ratio of apparent impedance to the positive sequence impedance is less than unity, it indicates a fault. This protection scheme is inherently directional. Impedance relay and Mho relay use this principle.

Distance Relay Protection

Over Current Relay Protection

Principle of Over current Protection When the current in a system exceeds a predetermined value, it indicates the presence of a fault. Relaying decision is based solely on the magnitude of current. Over current relaying and fuse protection uses this principle Used in radial distribution systems.

Over Current Relay Protection

Directional Over Relay Protection

Directional Over current Protection Uses both magnitude of current and phase angle information for decision making. Used in radial distribution systems with source at both ends

Directional Over Relay Protection

Differential Relay Protection for Transmission Line

By comparing the two currents either in magnitude or in phase or in both, fault can be determined. Its implementation requires a communication channel. It is extremely accurate. Its zone is demarkated by CTs

Differential Relay Protection for Transmission Line

Bus Bar Protection

Bus Differential: Current into bus must equal current out of bus

Bus Protection
Bus Fault

Thank You