Group 2

The Circulatory System

Transportation system by which oxygen and nutrients reach the body's cells, and waste materials are carried away. Also carries substances called hormones, which control body processes, and antibodies to fight invading germs.

FUNCTIONS
Transport Materials
Nutrients from digested food. Respiratory Gases: CO2 and O2 Waste Materials: Toxins and nitrogenous wastes. Antibodies Hormones Enzymes

FUNCTIONS
Immune Functions Maintains Homeostasis
Blood PH Heat transport

Open Circulatory System

A. Blood sloshes around freely in a body cavity. B. Example: Grasshoppers Open Circulatory System

(1)The blood is pumped toward the head by a dorsal, segmented heart, into the aorta, the only blood vessel in its body. (2) From the aorta, blood empties into the insects body cavity.

A. Blood is enclosed at all times within vessels. B. Example: Humans

Closed Circulatory System

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Closed Circulatory System

C. Circulation in vertebrates is made up of: 1. Heart a. Atrium: Thin-walled chamber receiving and collecting blood. b. Ventricle: Larger, more muscular, thicker walled chamber, it pumps blood to the body.

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Closed Circulatory System

2. Arteries: Transport oxygenated blood away from the heart.

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Closed Circulatory System

3. Veins transport deoxygenated blood back to the heart. a. One-way valves keep the blood from flowing backwards.

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Closed Circulatory System

4. Capillaries: Consist of a single cell layer. a. Function: Exchange of materials

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Parts of the Circulatory System

The Human Heart

Heart Location and Structure:

The heart lies in the thoracic cavity between the lungs. A double-layered sac of tough connective tissues (pericardium) protects and anchors the heart. The inner layer of the sac is the heart wall, which is mostly cardiac muscle. Endothelium, a special type of epithelium, lines the hearts inner walls, as well as the blood vessels. Each side of the human heart has two chambers: an atrium that receives the blood from veins and a ventricle that pumps blood into arteries. The superior vena cava and inferior vena cava are large veins that deliver oxygen-poor blood from the body to the right atrium. The pulmonary veins deliver oxygen-rich blood to the left atrium.

 To get from an atrium into a ventricle or from a ventricle into an artery, blood has to pass through a heart valve. Heart valves acts like one-way doors. High fluid pressure declines, the valve shuts and prevents blood from moving backwards. The lup-dub sound made by a beating heart arises from the closing first of the atrioventricular (AV) valves, then the simultaneous closing of aortic and pulmonary valves.

The cardiac cycle:

With each heartbeat, the hearts chambers go through a sequence of relaxation and contraction called the cardiac cycle. As we begin our observation of the cardiac cycle, both the atria and the ventricle are relaxed. Blood entering the atria has the AV valves open, and the ventricles are beginning to fill with the blood (1). More blood is forced into the relaxed ventricles as the atria contract (2). Next, the ventricles begin contracting. The resulting rise in fluid pressure inside the ventricles causes the AV valves to shut. Their shutting makes the first heart sound. Pressure in the ventricles continues to rise until the aortic and pulmonary valves open, and blood rushes out of the ventricles and into the aorta and pulmonary arteries (3). As fluid pressure in the ventricles declines, aortic and pulmonary valves close, making the second heart sound. At this point, the atria are starting to fill again.

 Contraction of the ventricles is the driving force for blood circulation. Atrial contraction only helps fill ventricles. The structure of the cardiac chambers reflects this difference in the function. Atria need only to generate enough force to squeeze blood into the ventricles, so they have relatively thin walls. Ventricle walls are much thicker. Contraction of muscle in the ventricle walls has to be strong enough to create a pressure wave that propels blood though an entire circuit. The left ventricle, which pumps blood throughout the entire body, has thicker walls than the right ventricle, which pumps blood only to the lungs and back.

Setting the Pace of Contractions:

The sinoatrial (SA) node, a clump of specialized cardiac cells in the right atriums wall, is the cardiac pacemaker. About 27 times a minute, it spontaneously generates excitatory signals that call of contraction. The signal from the SA node spreads through the atria, causing them to contract. Simultaneously, the signal travels along the fibers to cells of the atrioventricular (AV) node. From the AV node, the signal travels long the other fibers in the septum, between the hearts left and right valves. The fibers extend to the hearts lowest point and up the ventricle walls. Ventricles contract from the bottom up, with a twisting motion. The time it takes for a signal to travel from the atria to the ventricles allows ventricles to fill completely before they contract.

 If the SA node malfunctions, the heart can stop beating. In people under the age 35, such sudden cardiac arrest usually occurs because of an inborn heart defect. In older people, heart disease is usually the cause. Chances of surviving a cardiac arrest rise when cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is started immediately. With this technique, a person alternates mouth-tomouth respiration with chest compressions that keep a victims blood moving. However, CPR cannot restart a heart. That requires a defibrillator, a device that delivers an electric shock to the chest and resets the SA node. A person who survives cardiac arrest may need an artificial pacemaker or an internal defibrillator installed to ensure normal functions.

Blood
RIVER OF LIFE

Blood
The blood is an amazing substance that is constantly flowing through our bodies. (about 6 liters) Your blood is pumped by your heart. Your blood is a special type of tissue. Your blood travels through thousands of miles of blood vessels right within your own body. Your blood carries nutrients, water, oxygen and waste products to and from your body cells. A young person has about a gallon of blood. An adult has about 5 quarts. Your blood is not just a red liquid but rather is made up of liquids, solids and small amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Mixture of Liquid Plasma, Cells, & Cell Fragments 55% 45% Blood Cells

Hematocrit

RED BLOOD CELLS (Erythrocytes)

Red Blood Cells are responsible for carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide (using hemoglobin). There are about 5,000,000 Red Blood Cells in ONE drop of blood. (99% of BCs) Lifespan: about 80-120 days
Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein that facilitates transportation of oxygen and other respiratory gases to tissues.

WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes)

White Blood Cells help the body fight off germs. White Blood Cells attack and destroy germs when they enter the body. Also called GERMINATORS (informal) Lifespan: 3-4 days Types: Lymphocytes(main)-produces antibodies Phagocytes(main)-engulf and digest bacteria Others: Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils and Neutrophils (granulocytes)

P L A T E L E T S (Thrombocytes)
Platelets are blood cells that help stop bleeding. When we cut ourselves we have broken a blood vessel and the blood leaks out. In order to plug up the holes where the blood is leaking from the platelets start to stick to the opening of the damaged blood vessels. When the platelet plug is completely formed the wound stops bleeding.

23 m in diameter (about half the size of RBCs) Lifespan: 5-9 days

Blood cell Red blood cells

Function Oxygen-carrier

# in one mm^3 of human blood M- 5,400,000 F- 4,700,000 5,000-10,000 140,000-340,000

White blood cells

Platelets

defense team
blood clotter

Carries Hormones, Amino Acids, Lipids, Glucose, Vitamins, Minerals, and Carbon Dioxide

Plasma is the liquid part of the blood. 95% water, 5% dissolved substances The plasma carries the blood cells and other components throughout the body. Plasma is made in the liver.

Blood group AB individuals have both A and B antigens on the surface of their RBCs, and their blood plasma does not contain any antibodies against either A or B antigen. Therefore, an individual with type AB blood can receive blood from any group (with AB being preferable), but cannot donate blood to either A or B group. They are known as universal recipients. Blood group A individuals have the A antigen on the surface of their RBCs, and blood serum containing IgM antibodies against the B antigen. Therefore, a group A individual can receive blood only from individuals of groups A or O (with A being preferable), and can donate blood to individuals with type A or AB. Blood group B individuals have the B antigen on the surface of their RBCs, and blood serum containing IgM antibodies against the A antigen. Therefore, a group B individual can receive blood only from individuals of groups B or O (with B being preferable), and can donate blood to individuals with type B or AB. Blood group O (or blood group zero in some countries) individuals do not have either A or B antigens on the surface of their RBCs, but their blood serum contains IgM anti-A and anti-B antibodies against the A and B blood group antigens. Therefore, a group O individual can receive blood only from a group O individual, but can donate blood to individuals of any ABO blood group (i.e., A, B, O or AB). If a patient in a hospital situation were to need a blood transfusion in an emergency, and if the time taken to process the recipient's blood would cause a detrimental delay, O Negative blood can be issued. They are known as universal donors.

AMAZING FACTS One drop of blood contains a half a drop of plasma, 5 MILLION Red Blood Cells, 10 Thousand White Blood Cells and 250 Thousand Platelets. You have thousands of miles of blood vessels in your body. "Bill Nye the Science Guy" claims that you could wrap your blood vessels around the equator TWICE! Keep your heart healthy...it's going to have to beat about 3 BILLION times during your lifetime!

The Blood Vessels

Introduction We have a variety of different vessels within the cardiovascular system to deliver and remove nutrients and waste products. Blood in the arteries is bright red, as it is carrying oxygen. It drops off the oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide as it moves through the capillaries. By the time it reaches the veins and venules it is a much darker blue/red colour.

5 main blood vessels

Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries

Carry blood away from the heart Where gas exchange takes place Carry blood back to the heart

Venules

Veins

 Arteries are large blood vessels, that carry blood away from the heart.
Thick Elastic muscular walls Artery walls contain elastic cartilage and smooth muscle, This allows the arteries walls to contract and relax to send blood to all parts of the body

Arteries & Arterioles

This process is known as

perstalsis, and is how smooth

muscle contracts

Carry Oxygenated blood Apart from the pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs to get Oxygen

Arteries & Arterioles

Small round lumen Operate under high pressure Arteries dont contain valves, as the blood is moving quickly under high pressure, so there is no chance of backflow.

Aorta
Main artery leaving the heart It soon splits into smaller vessels Arterioles Arterioles deliver the blood to the capillaries

Smallest blood vessels Found in all cells of the body Just one cell thick

Capillaries

Very thin walls

Allows oxygen and other nutrients to diffuse through the cell walls. Blood flows very slowly through the capillaries so that this can happen Effectively in the capillaries, the blood unloads the Oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide and lactic acid (the waste products of metabolism)

Veins & Venules

The blood feeds from the capillaries back to the venules and then the veins. Larger oval lumen
Means blood flows at lower speed and pressure.

Thinner and less muscular than arteries

Have some smooth muscle
Contracts to help sent the blood back to the heart

Veins & Venules

Carry blood back to the heart
Generally working against gravity
Particularly blood that is going back to the heart from the legs or arms, as it is below the heart.

Valves
To prevent the blood from flowing back once the smooth muscle relaxes. Prevents pooling, particularly in the legs

Deoxygenated blood Apart from pulmonary vein which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart.

THE CIRCULATION PROCESS

Quick Review:
The heart pumps blood throughout your body through the blood vessels. Blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and carries away carbon dioxide and other waste materials.

The essential components of the human cardiovascular system are the heart, blood, and blood vessels. It includes: the pulmonary circulation, a "loop" through the lungs where blood is oxygenated; and the systemic circulation, a "loop" through the rest of the body to provide oxygenated blood. Also, the digestive system works with the circulatory system to provide the nutrients the system needs to keep the heart pumping.

Types of Blood Circulation

Pulmonary circulation
The pulmonary circulatory system is the portion of the cardiovascular system in which oxygen-depleted blood is pumped away from the heart, via the pulmonary artery, to the lungs and returned, oxygenated, to the heart via the pulmonary vein.

Systemic circulation
Systemic circulation is the circulation of the blood to all parts of the body except the lungs. Systemic circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which transports oxygenated blood away from the heart through the Aorta from the left atrium where the blood has been previously deposited from pulmonary circulation, to the rest of the body, and returns oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart. Systemic circulation is, distance-wise, much longer than pulmonary circulation, transporting blood to every part of the body.

Coronary circulation
The coronary circulatory system provides a blood supply to the muscles of the heart. As it carries oxygenated blood to muscles, it is by definition a part of the systemic circulatory system.

Blood Circulation
The HEART pumps blood
Your heart pumps blood. Blood comes into the atria or top chambers of your heart. Your ventricles, or bottom chambers, pump blood out to every part of your body. Blood going out of your heart carries food and oxygen. Every part of your body needs food and oxygen for energy. Your heart pumps blood carrying food and oxygen through your arteries. Big arteries carry the blood to your legs and arms. The arteries get smaller and smaller the farther out they go. Little blood vessels called capillaries take blood to your cells.

Your cells give off waste products when they make energy from food and oxygen. One of these waste products is a gas called carbon dioxide. The blood in your capillaries picks up the waste products. Capillaries connect to bigger veins. The pumping of your heart pushes the blood through your veins.

WHAT HAPPENS TO THE BLOOD IN VEINS?

Your veins carry blood back to your heart. The chambers on the right side of your heart take care of blood coming back through your veins. First, the blood comes into your right atrium, the top chamber. Your right atrium pumps the blood into your right ventricle, the bottom chamber. Your right ventricle pumps the blood through an artery into your lungs.

WHAT HAPPENS TO BLOOD IN THE LUNGS?

Your blood has to get rid of carbon dioxide. It has to get a fresh supply of oxygen. Your lungs take care of both jobs. Carbon dioxide from your blood goes into your lungs. Your lungs get rid of the carbon dioxide when you breathe out.

The chambers on the left side of your heart take care of blood going out through your arteries. Special veins send blood from your lungs to your left atrium, or top chamber. The blood goes from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps the blood out through your arteries to every part of your body.

 Make a fist. Open your fist slightly, and then squeeze it closed. Open and close your fist again and again. This is sort of how your heart pumps blood. The muscles in your heart squeeze the chambers. To open and close your fist, you have to think about doing it. You dont have to think about squeezing your heart muscles. Your brain tells your heart to pump over and over again.

HOW DOES THE HEART PUMP?

Your heart pumps when you are awake. Your heart pumps when you are asleep. Your heart pumps faster when you run fast. Your body needs more oxygen when you run.

Did you know that??

The heart of a 76-year-old person has beaten nearly 2.8 billion times. It has pumped about 179 million quarts (169 million liters) of blood. No one can live if their heart stops beating for more than a few minutes. Your heart pumps 72 times per minute.

Diseases and Disorders of the Circulatory System

Heart Attack: Stoppage in the flow of blood to the heart. Prevention:
Reduce Stress Change Diet to less intake of Sodium (Salt) Eat less foods high in fat and cholesterol

Diseases and Disorders of the Circulatory System

Anemia: Lack of red blood cells or cells that do not carry enough oxygen; may cause weakness and low energy levels. Prevention:
Eat foods that are rich in Iron Treatment: Rest

Diseases and Disorders of the Circulatory System

Sickle Cell Anemia: Your blood is unable to circulate properly. There is no prevention for sicklecell anemia since you are born with it. Treatments:
Blood Transfusions Medication

Normal Blood Cell

Sickle Cell

Diseases and Disorders of the Circulatory System

Mononucleosis: A viral infection; with symptoms of sore throat, swollen glands and fatigue. Prevention:
Avoid human saliva

Treatment:
Bed Rest

Diseases and Disorders of the Circulatory System

Leukemia: Abnormal white blood cells
In time they may crowd out normal white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.

Diseases and Disorders of the Circulatory System

Stroke: Happens when a cluster of blood cells blocks blood vessels in the brain. Stroke Stroke is a Brain Attack

Diseases and Disorders of the Circulatory System

Prevention:
Dont Smoke Drink in moderation (21) Get cholesterol checked Exercise 30 minutes daily Consume a low fat diet

Treatment:
Medication Rehabilitation

Diseases and Disorders of the Circulatory System

Hemophilia: Blood does not clot properly Prevention:
No prevention, you are born a hemophiliac

Treatment: Transfusions of blood clotting factors.

Diseases and Disorders of the Circulatory System

Kidney Failure: The inability of kidneys to function, resulting in accumulation of fluid and waste products in the body. Picture is graphic!!