MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Tensile Properties
Stress & Strain Curves Metarial Types Resilience & Toughness Hardness Some Important Properties Effect of Temperature on Properties Surface Roughness

 Tensile Properties Tension test most common for determining

mechanical properties: Strength Ductility Toughness Elastic Modulus Strain Hardening

Test Specimen as per standards

Gauge length = 50 mm Diameter = 12.5 mm Stress = Force / Area Strain = L / L

Stages during elongation

Engineering Stress = Applied Load / Original A Engineering Strain = L / Original L For Soft & Ductile Materials Not Easy to determine point of Yielding. Point obtained by 0.2% offset Necking starts after UTS Youngs Modulus = Stress / Strain (Modulus of Elasticity)

 Extent of Plastic deformation

material undergoes before Fracture. Measurement Total Elongation of specimen Reduction of Area

 Engineering Stress based on Original Cross section Area Instantaneous A changes with Elongation Engg. Stress Not represent Actual Stress

TRUE STRESS = Load / Instantaneous A TRUES STRAIN = L / Instantaneous L

 Perfectly elastic Elastic and perfectly plastic Elastic and Plastic with strain hardening

 Resilience:

Amount of energy stored in material up to elastic limit per unit volume Toughness: Amount of energy stored in material up to fracture per unit volume

 Resistance to permanent indentation.

Good hardness generally mean that the material is

resistant to scratching and wear. It is also an indication of strength.

Not a fundamental property as the resistance to

indentation depends on the shape of the indenter and on the load applied. Hardness Tests

Brinell Test Vickers Test Knoop Test Rockwell Test

 Ductility: The ability to deform before braking. It is the opposite

of brittleness. Ductility can be given either as percent maximum elongation emax or maximum area reduction. %EL = emax x 100 % %AR = (A0 - Af )/A0 These are measured after fracture (repositioning the two pieces back together). Gold is most ductile material.

 Resilience: Capacity to absorb energy elastically. The energy per

unit volume is the area under the strain-stress curve in the elastic region.

 Toughness: The ability of a metal to deform plastically and to

absorb energy in the process before fracture is termed toughness. The emphasis of this definition should be placed on the ability to absorb energy before fracture. Recall that ductility is a measure of how much something deforms plastically before fracture, but just because a material is ductile does not make it tough. The key to toughness is a good combination of strength and ductility.

 Malleability: Ability to be flattened into thin sheets without

cracking. Stiffness: Ability of material to resist deformation. Poissons ratio: Ratio of lateral to longitudinal strain.

Center-line average value (Ra) Root-mean-square-average value (Rq) Peak to valley height (Ry)

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