-soil erosion -landslides -flash floods -climatic change -greenhouse effect & global warming

DEFORESTRATION

BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS -greenhouse effect -global warming -air pollution

HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM OVERUSE OF FERTILISERS IN AN INTENSIVE FARMING -eutrophication -water pollution

DUMPING OF DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE -water pollution

ANY DESIRABLE CHANGE IN PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL OR BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT BROUGHT BY HARMFUL SUBSTANCES OR ENERGY RELEASED BY HUMAN ACTIVITIES

CARBON MONOXIDE-combustion of fossil fuels,vehicles SULPHUR DIOXIDE-volcanic gases,combustion fossil fuels, heat from power generation facilities OXIDES OF NITROGEN-NITROGEN MONOXIDE, NITROGEN DIOXIDEvehicle exhaust, burning fossils fuels, action of bacteria on fertilisers

-SMOKE AND HAZE--)Smoke contain soot

water

-Haze form by combination of smoke,dirt particles and vapour -combustion of fuels,vehicles,

-LEAD/PLUMBUM-add to petrol -creates poisonous compound at atmosphere -CARBON DIOXIDE-open burning -combustion of fossils fuel

1. Carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin=carboxyhemoglobinfatal 2. Sulphur dioxides-irritates eyes, cause bronchitis, constricts respiratory passages for ashmatic patients,causes acid rain 3. Nitrogen oxides-causes acId rain, respiratory infections 4. Smoke and haze-conjuctivitis,asthma,bronchitis,reduce visibility,plants cannot photosynthesize,lund disease, darken building and vegetation 5. Lead-causes retardation in mental development, liver damage 6. Carbon dioxide- greenhouse effect, global warming, increase atmospheric temperature, climatic changes

Acid rain
Causes:oxides of nitrogen and sulphur dioxides forming nitric acid and sulphuric acid when dissolves in water in clouds Fall back to earth as ACID RAIN Rainwater pHless than 5, normally 5.6 due to presence of carbon dioxide carbonic acid

Effect of acid rain

Soil becomes acidic-unsuitable for crop cultivation Leaching of minerals-effects growth of plant Insoluble ion such as aluminium to accumulate in river and lakes-toxic Destruction of photosynthetic tissues Corrosion of metal railings and bridges

Solution
Clean up emissions from power stations using scrubbers-water spraying to trap pollutants Clean up vehicle exhaust using catalytic convertersto create less harmful substances

Water pollution
Agricultural waste and run-off-nitrates, phosphates, herbicides, pesticides,untreated seawage(human faeces,domesti waste) Effluents from factories Underground pipe(lead) Get to know the sources,pollutans and solution

Eutrophication
Artificial nutrient enrichment of an aquatic system with organic material or inorganic nutrients, causing excessive growth of aquatic plant life

Inorganic material and nutrients(nitrates,phosphates) enter lake and rivers Population explosion of algae Algal bloom Excessive growth of alga Restrict the penetration of sunlight in water Alga grow faster than consumers Aquatic plants die & alga dies Their remains will be decomposize Increase population of decomposers Decrease of oxygen concentration in water Increase in BOD

BOD(BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND)

AMOUNT OF OXYGEN THAT IS UTILISED WHEN ALL THE OXYGEN BEING TAKEN UP BY MICROORGANISMS THAT DECOMPOSE ORGANIC MATTER IN WATER INCREASE BOD, WATER MORE POLLUTED

A phenomena when the greenhouse gases(carbon dioxide, CFC,methane, nitrous oxide, water vapour,low level of ozone) act like a glass panes of greenhouse which trap heat and warm the earth

Sunlight enter earths atmosphere Some will be reflected back to space Some will be absorbed by earth to warm land and sea But, some of the infrared radiation did not reflected back to space Being trapped by greenhouse gases Cause the atmosphere becomes warmer Infrared rays are radiated to earth surface

Sources of greenhouse gases

Combustion of fossils fuels Usage of CFCs Deforestration and forest fires Exhaust fumes from vehicles

As the concentration of greenhouse gases increases More the effect of greenhouse effect More heat are trapped in the atmosphere Increase in earths temperature

Overall rise in earths average temperature

GLOBAL WARMING

EFFECTS:
MELTING

OF THE POLAR ICE CAPS AND GLACIERS-increase sea level GREATER EVAPORATION OF WATER EFFECTS ON LOCAL WEATHER PATTERNS-drought,greater rainfall,changes distribution of animal,extinction of species

PESTS AND VECTORS SPREAD TO NEW AREAS-outbreak of diseases

Solution
Reduce burning of fossils fuels Develop alternatives sources of energy: solar, wind, geothermal energy Reduce level of deforestration for farming Replant trees Kyoto Protocol-international treaty of binded countries of limiting and reducing amount of carbon dioxide released in atmophere

what

-REGION IN STRATOSPHERE -CONSISTS OF HIGH CONCENTRATION OF OZONE MOLECULES O3 -function: to absorb ultraviolet (UV) radiation and shield organisms from its damaging effects

A chemical compound of one fluorine atom, one carbon atom, and three chlorine atoms. These molecules are very stable and contribute to ozone depletioN
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC): . -use in coolants in air conditioners

-use as propellants in aerosol cans -use as foaming agents in making styrofoam packaging

Effects of uv rays
Skin cancer-melanoma,mutations cataracts, Sunburns Affects immune system and body ability against infectious disease Reduce nutrient content and crop yields Leaf cells and chlorophyll damage Kill microorganisms and phytoplanktoneffect food chain Increase earth temperature Damage amphibian eggs

Solution /ways to reduce

Stop/reduce use of CFCs Replace CFCs by using HCFCs hydrochlorofluorocarbon and HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons). It can be breakdown in the atmosphere and return to earth in the form of rainwater