General Chemistry 1 MF008

Unit 2: Electronic Structure Part II: Ionisation Energy & Electron Affinity

Contd from Part I

If you find the term Principle Quantum Number (n) it is the same as size shell. It determines _______of orbital. Angular Momentum Number (l) it is the same as shape subshells. It determines _________of orbital Magnetic Quantum Number (mf) determines orbital orientation of ___________in space. Eg: px, py, pz Spin Quantum Number (ms) determines the electron property of______________. It has values either +1/2 or -1/2

Summary
Shell or the Principle Quantum number (n) 1 2 Number of subshells or the Angular Momentum number (l) 0 (s) 0 (s) Magnetic quantum number (ml)
Number Of orbitals Number of Electrons

0 0

1 1

2
2 6

2
3 3 3

1 (p)
0 (s) 1 (p) 2 (d)

-1, 0, +1
0 -1, 0, +1 -2, -1, 0, +1, +2

3
1 3 5

2
6 10 2 6 10 14

4
4 4 4

0 (s)
1 (p) 2 (d) 3 (f)

0
-1, 0, +1 -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3

1
3 5 7

Question An atom or ion is said to be in excited state if the electronic configuration does not obey the Aufbau Principle
Electron configuration Excited Yes / No Correct Sequence

1s2 2s2 2p5 3s2 3p5 4s2 3d10 4p6

1s2 2s2 2p5 3s2 3p6

1s2 2s1 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2

Ionisation Energy (I.E)

Ionisation Energy is a measure of energy remove required to __________ electrons from an atom. There are as many I.E. as there are electrons ________________ in an atom.
eg: Na has 11 electrons so it has 11 I.E that is 1st I.E, 2nd I.E., 3rd I.E and so forth..

Factors affecting I.E.

1. Nuclear charge
stronger higher The __________the nuclear charge, the _____________ the attractive force of the nucleus on the electrons. Increase across a Period for s and p block elements =>I.E __________

2. Atomic radius larger The _____________the atom, the further is the outer shell electrons and weaker the _____________is the attractive force of the nucleus, so less energy is required. decrease =>I.E _____________down a Group in the Periodic Table 3. Shielding effect shield Lower energy level electrons ____________the outermost electron from the attractive force of the atomic nucleus decrease => I.E. _________________ down a Group in the Periodic Table

First Ionisation Energy (1st I.E)

Definition: one The energy required to remove _______ mole of one electron __________ from _______ mole gaseous atom one mole of gaseous positive _____________ to form ____ ion.

Na(g) Na+(g)

Na+(g) + e Na 2+ (g) + e

1st I.E 2nd I.E

The stronger the pull of nucleus on the electron, the greater energy needed to pull it out of the atom. ________

Trend in I.E down group

decrease down group. Value ___________
increase in nuclear charge due to Despite the _________ increase __________ number of protons in nucleus, the outer shell electron is easier to remove. greater This is due to __________ shielding and greater distance _________ from nucleus. less Outer electron is held _________ strongly and easier thus __________ to remove.

Compare 1st I.E and 2nd I.E

higher Successive I.E are always ___________ than the previous one, the electron is being pulled away from a more ____________ species. positive change Large __________ occur when there is a change in shells. (this can be used to predict the
group of an unknown element)

Example 1
The successive I.E for removal of each electron from an oxygen atom
1310, 3400, 5300, 7500, 11000, 13000, 71300, 84100

There is a big increase in the energy required to remove six 7th the ________electron. The first _________electrons are removed from the second shell (2s and 2p). The 7th ___________electron is removed from the inner first shell (1s) => From values of I.E, we can predict that element is Group 6 in_____________

Trend across period

increase I.E. generally ___________ across period as __________________ is greater with Nuclear charge proton one extra ____________. electron The extra ___________ has gone into the energy same ____________ level. So, not much shielding difference in _______________ effect.

attraction Increase ______________ makes electron harder ___________ to remove.

Example 2
The first eight successive I.E for an element are as follows:
790, 1600, 3200, 4400, 16100, 19800, 23800, 23800

(a) How many electrons are there in the outer shell of the element? (a) In which group in the Periodic Table does the element belong? (a) Write down the electronic configuration of the element

Electron Affinity (EA)

energy EA is the ___________ change when one electron mol of __________ is added to one mol of gaseous ______________ atoms or ions.

Just like IE, there is 1st EA, 2nd EA and so forth. Eg: Cl (g) + e Cl- (g)

Change in EA
negative First EA is usually _________ as energy is released when an electron is attracted ______________ to the nucleus. positive Second EA is always _________ as energy is required to overcome repulsion electrostatic ___________ and add negative ion. another electron to a _________