ATM

Loan Pham

6/27/2013

Fast Relay Networks

Relaying traffic as quickly as possible

Fast Relay

Frame Relay (Variable size PDUs frames)

Cell Relay (Fixed size PDUs cells)

PVC (LAPD)

SVC (Q.931)

ATM based (For B-ISDN)

802.6 based (For SMDS)

PVC
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SVC (Q.2931)
2

Transfer Mode

Transfer mode

Specific way of transmitting and switching through the network Synchronous systems negotiate the connection at the data-link level before communication begins. Basic synchronous systems will synchronize two clocks before transmission. Asynchronous systems do not send separate information to indicate the encoding or clocking information. The receiver must decide the clocking of the signal on it's own. This means that the receiver must decide where to look in the signal stream to find ones and zeroes, and decide for itself where each individual bit stops and starts.

Synchronous Mode

Asynchronous mode

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Switching technologies

Circuit Switching

circuit is established for the complete duration based on TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) also referred to as STM (Synchronous Transfer Mode) very inflexible, since once the duration of time slot is determined, the relative bit rate is fixed

Packet Switching

user information is encapsulated in packets packets contain additional information used inside the network for routing, error correction, flow control, etc packets have variable length and hence require complex buffer management inside of the network
eliminates as much as possible of the overhead of packet switched networks no hop-by-hop flow control and error control can be viewed as streamlined version of X.25
4

Frame relaying

6/27/2013

Switching technologies (cont.)

Circuit switching Direct connection Message switching Store & forward Packet switching Hold & forward Copper, wireless, optical Variable, large to small Frame Relay Cell Relay (switching) (switching) Hold & forward Copper, wireless, optical Variable, large to small Hold & forward Copper, wireless, optical Fixed, very small

Copper, wireless

Copper, wireless Variable, large to small

No such thing

Very fast
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Slow

Fast

Faster

Very fast
5

ATM

ATM Introduction

What is an ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)? ATM Overview ATM Topology Standard

Basic principle

ATM Network Interfaces ATM Cells ATM virtual connections

Physical Layer ATM Layer ATM Adapted Layer

ATM Reference Model

ATM Services
6

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ATM

ATM Introduction

What is an ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)? ATM Overview ATM Topology Standard

Basic principle

ATM Network Interfaces ATM Cells ATM virtual connections

Physical Layer ATM Layer ATM Adapted Layer

ATM Reference Model

ATM Services
7

6/27/2013

ATM Introduction

ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) is is an International Telecommunication UnionTelecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) standard for cell relay wherein information for multiple service types, such as voice, video, or data, is conveyed in small, fixed-size cells ATM is a cell-based, connection-oriented, switching and multiplexing technology designed to be a fast, general purpose transfer mode for multiple services.

6/27/2013

ATM Overview

Proposed telecommunication standard for Broadband ISDN Circuit-switched, connection-oriented networking technology Provides dedicated, high-speed connections to a virtually unlimited number of users Dedicated media connections running in parallel allow ATM to support simultaneously multiple transmissions Adding more users does not necessarily decrease the average bandwidth available to connections on the network Integrates voice, video, and data Uses short, fixed length packets called cells Best effort delivery system Bandwidth on demand Potential to remove performance bottlenecks in todays LANs and WANs

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ATM Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages of ATM

Flexible bandwidth allocation Simple routing due to connection-oriented technology High bandwidth utilization due to statistical multiplexing Potential QoS guarantees Overhead of cell header (5 bytes per cell) Complex mechanisms for achieving QoS Congestion may cause cell losses

Disadvantages of ATM

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10

ATM Network Topology

Physically, an ATM network is composed of a collection or a mesh of ATM switches and stations which are interconnected via ATM media. ATM switches are simply devices which participate in the creation and in the tear-down of ATM virtual circuits, and route ATM cells according to the appropriate virtual circuit. Because ATM cells are uniform in structure, switching of cells can be done very rapidly and with extremely low latency. Cell switching is also accomplished in parallel over the various connections in a switch.

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11

ATM

ATM Introduction

What is an ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)? ATM Overview ATM Topology Standard

Basic principle

ATM Network Interfaces ATM Cells ATM virtual connections

Physical Layer ATM Layer ATM Adapted Layer

ATM Reference Model

ATM Services
12

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Basic Principle of ATMs

Specific packet oriented transfer mode based on fixed cell length Each packet consist of an information field and a header (used to determine the virtual channel and to perform appropriate routing) Cell sequence integrity is preserved per virtual channel Connection-oriented (header values are assigned to each section of a connection for the complete duration of the connection) Signalling and user information are carried on separate virtual channels Information field of ATM cells is carried transparently through the network, no processing like error control is performed inside the network Connectionless services are provided by adaptation functions to fit information into ATM cells or to provide service specific functions

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13

Basic Principles of ATM (cont.)

Connection-oriented

connections are established for the duration of a call allocation of a Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI) allocation of a Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) allocation of the required recourses (usual in terms of throughput) negotiation between user and network, with respect to the recourses separate signalling channel (for signalling messages)

Establishment includes

Establishment uses

To establish and to release a signalling virtual channel a special Metasignaling Channel is used (predefined VCI/VPI defined on UNI)

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14

ATM Network Interfaces

An ATM network consists of a set of ATM switches interconnected by point-to-point ATM links or interfaces. ATM switches support two types of interfaces:

UNI (User to Network Interface): ATM endpoint-ATM switch

Public UNI, Private UNI

NNI (Network to Node Interface): ATM switch-ATM switch

Private NNI (P-NNI) Public NNI Inter-Switching System interface (ISSI)

The Broadband Interexchange Carrier Interconnect (BICI)

Connects two public switches from different service providers

Between packet routers and ATM Digital Service Units (DSU)
15

Data Exchange Interface (DXI)

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ATM Network Interfaces (cont.)

Regional Carriers Computer

Private
UNI

Private Switch

Public
UNI

Public Switch

Public
NNI

Public Switch

Private NNI Computer

B-ICI Long Distance Carrier Public Switch

Private
UNI

Private Switch

B-ICI Computer
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Router

DXI

Digital Service Unit (DSU)

Private UNI

Public Switch
16

ATM Network Interfaces (cont.)

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17

ATM Virtual Connections

Virtual connection

Limited functionality in ATM headers

source address, destination address, sequence number are not required error control is only present if required by the service no flow control mechanism

Remaining function is the identification of the virtual connection (performed by 2 sub-fields):

Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI) Virtual Path Identifier (VPI)

Virtual channel
Optical transmission links are capable of transporting hundreds of MBit/s Virtual channels may fill only KBit/s A large number of simultaneous channels have to be supported on an ATM transmission link VCI is assigned during call set-up VCI is only significant on the link between ATM nodes When the connection is released, the VCI values on the involved links will be released and can be used by other connections Enable multi-component services 6/27/2013 18

ATM Virtual Connections (cont.)

Virtual Path

Enable semi-permanent connections between endpoints These connections have to transport a large number of simultaneous connections Concept is also known as virtual network (resources of the network are semipermanently allocated) Allows efficient and simple management
A VP is a bundle of VCs
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VC1 VC2 VC3 VC1 VC2 VC3 VC1 VC2 VC3

19

VPI/VCI used in an ATM network

VPI = 7 VCI = 1,2,3

VPI = 9 VCI = 3,4

ATM Node 1

VPI = 5 VCI = 1,2,3

ATM Node 2

VPI = 7
VCI = 3,4

ATM Node 3 VPI = 3 VCI = 3,4

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20

ATM Virtual Connections (cont.)

VPI/VCI=0/0 used for Idle cells; 0/n used for Signalling Each cell contains a 24/28-bit connection identifier

First 8/12 bits: Virtual Path, Last 16 bits: Virtual Channel

The use of VPIs for static connections on the ATM network

Site-to-site connectivity Between service provider and customer

VPIs have local significance VCIs are for dynamic connections on ATM network

They are for the actual connections between applications on ATM network

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21

ATM Virtual Connections (cont.)

VP connections (VPCs) = Series of VP Links VC connections (VCCs) = Series of VC Links to make an end-toend link Call = Multiple connections

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22

ATM connection types

Point-to point

For direct connectivity, using for connections between adjacent network nodes
For multicast or broadcast-type services For conference arrangements, ATM network node is responsible for sending out multiple copies of a single cell received on a single in port

Point-to-multipoint

Multipoint-to-multipoint

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23

ATM

ATM Introduction

What is an ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)? ATM Overview ATM Topology Standard

Basic principle

ATM Network Interfaces ATM Cells ATM virtual connections

Physical Layer ATM Layer ATM Adapted Layer

ATM Reference Model

ATM Services
24

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ATM Reference Model

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25

ATM Reference Model (cont.)

ATM reference model contains three Planes: User Plane, Control Plane, and Management Plane as shown in Figure 1. User Plane we have already discussed extensively for data transmission Control Plane Performs Set-up of the connection (SVC, PVC), Manage the end-to-end connection, and release of the connection Management plane deals with two items:

Layer management which deals with managing the network resources Plane management which deals with co-ordination of other planes.
User Information

User Plane

User Information

AAL
ATM PHY End system ATM PHY Network ATM PHY

AAL
ATM PHY End system

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26

ATM Reference Model (cont.)

Management Plane is divided into: Layer management and Plane management. Layer management function is further split into Control plane management and User plane management.

Layers in the control plane management are the functions needed to performs setting up the connection , monitoring and disconnection. We have discussed this above. The above functions are only needed in the switched virtual connection and is not required in permanent virtual connection. Layers in user plane comprise the functions required for the transmission of user information.

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27

ATM Reference Model (cont.)

Plane management functions supervise the operations of the whole network and has no layered structure. This includes operation and maintenance (OAM)

Performance monitoring

Long term system evaluation Short term service quality control or preventive actions
Enables failure detection localization

Defect and failure detection

System protection

Failed entity will be excluded from operation Minimizing the effect of the failure
Informs other management entities (system protection)

Failure or performance information

Fault localization
Internal or external test systems will localize the failed entity Fault-management OAM cells have the leading 4 bits of the cell payload set to 0001. The function type (FT) field, indicate the type of function performed by the cell: alarm indication signal (AIS), signaled by FT = 0000; far end receive failure (FERF), signaled by FT = 0001; and loopback cell, signaled by FT = 1000.

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28

End-to-end

Segment

Terminal or router

Private ATM switch

Public ATM switch

Public ATM switch

Private ATM switch

Terminal or router

Same as user,s cells VPC: F4 3: Segment 4: End-to-end 0001 = Fault management

GFC VPI

VCI

PT

CLP HEC OAM cell type

FT

Functionspecific field

CRC-10

VCC: F5

100 = segment 101 = End-to-end Same as user,s cells

Function type: 0000 = AIS 0001 = FERF 1000 = Loopback

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29

ATM Layered Model (cont.)

ATM Adaptation layer (AAL)

How to break application messages to cells Transmission/Switching/Reception Congestion control/Buffer management Cell header generation/ Remove at Destination/Source Reset the connection identifiers for the next hop Cell address translation Sequential delivery Transmission the information through physical media

ATM layer

Physical layer (PHY)

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30

ATM and OSI Model

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31

ATM Physical Layer

ATM physical layer transmits the ATM cells as a sequence of bits link by link through the ATM network Two sub-layers

Physical Medium Sublayer

Responsible for the correct transmission and reception of bits on the appropriate physical medium Lowest level is media dependent (optical, electrical, ...) Upper level guarantees a proper bit timing reconstruction at the receiver Transmitting peer entity inserts required bit timing information and line coding

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32

ATM Physical Layer (cont.)

Transport Convergence (TC)

Cell rate decoupling Insertion and extraction of idle cells. Header error control (HEC) generation and verification HEC is generated on the ATM cell header fields by the sender and verified by the receiver. That is, the HEC is generated and compared with the received value. If the cell header errors can be corrected and the cell processed. If not, the entire cell is discarded Cell delineation In the receiver, detection of cell boundaries Transmission frame adaptation Adapts cell flow according to the payload of the Physical level frame being used, e.g. for SDH Transmission frame generation and recovery Transmission frame usage will involve more than just packing ATM cells bit by bit into a transmission frame and sending it out.

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33

ATM Layer

This layer is independent of the physical medium over which transmission is to take place. ATM layer consists of a stream of cells (OAM cells, data cells, signaling cells)

Generic flow control (GFC) function. This can be used to alleviate short term overload conditions above the ATM layer, as it is accessible by the user. Cell header generation and extraction. At the transmitter, adds header information to a cell, and at the receiver removes it. Cell multiplex and demultiplex. At the transmitter, multiplex cells into one continuous stream, and at the header demultiplex the cells according to VPI and VCI values. Switching. Eventually a translation at ATM switches and crossconnects is required (performed on the VCI and VPI separately or on both simultaneously)

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34

ATM Cells

Cells used by the ATM Layer are called ATM cells Contain 53 byte (5 byte header, 48 byte payload) Information field of an ATM cell carries ATM user data

normal user data Signalling data Metasignaling data Management data related to the ATM Layer Priorities are provided via a Cell Loss Priority (CLP) bit in the header Payload Type (PT) field, Idle Cells, Unassigned Cells, Physical Layer, OAM Cells, Signalling Cells

ATM Cell Header Bits

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35

ATM cells (cont.)

ATM transfers information in fixed-size units called cells. Each cell consists of 53 octets, or bytes
GFC

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36

ATM Cell-Header Fields

General Flow Control (GFC):

Slow down senders in heavily used portions of the network Used in UNI, not in NNI

Virtual Path Identifier (VPI):

conjunction with the VCI, identifies the next destination of a cell

Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI):

conjunction with the VPI, identifies the next destination of a cell

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37

ATM Cell-Header Fields (Cont.)

Payload Type (PT)

Indicates whether the cell contains user data or control data user data signalling data VP-OAM data (Virtual Path - Operation and Maintenance) VC-OAM data (Virtual Cannel - Operation and Maintenance)

Congestion Loss Priority (CLP)

Indicates whether the cell should be discarded if it encounters extreme congestion

Header Error Control (HEC)

Calculates checksum only on the header itself.

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38

QoS

Process of determining and delivering the required QoS parameters for each connection on an ATM network is referred as the traffic contract specification

Traffic contract:

constrain data bursts, limit peak data rate, cell-loss rate forcing your traffic to conform to a certain specified behavior(adhering to the contract) allocate resources inside the network such that guarantees about availability of bandwidth and maximum delays can be given estimates the the parameters of the incoming traffic and takes some action if they measure traffic exceeding agreed parameters

Traffic shaping:

Traffic policing:

QoS parameters

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CBR (Constant Bit Rate) VBR-NRT (Variable bit rate non-real time) VBR-RT (Variable bit rate real time) ABR (Available bit rate) UBR (Unspecified bit rate)

39

Traffic management

The process of controlling traffic on a UNI in an ATM network ATM traffic management are to deliver quality-of-service (QoS) guarantees and provide overall optimization of network resources The various functions of ATM traffic management can be categorized into three distinct elements

Nodal-level controls implemented in hardware and include queues supporting different loss and delay priorities, fairly weighted queueservicing algorithms, and rate controls that provide policing and traffic shaping. Network-level controls the heart of any traffic-management system, it is implemented in software including connection admission control (CAC) for new connections, network routing and rerouting systems, and flow-control-rate adaptation schemes. Flow control involves adjusting the cell rate of the source in response to congestion conditions and requires the implementation of closed loop congestion mechanisms.

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40

Traffic management

Parameters

Cell loss ratio (CLR) Cell misinsertion ratio (CMR) Severely errored cell block ratio Mean cell transfer delay (MCTD) Cell delay variation (CDV)

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41

ATM Switching

ATM switching principle

The cell is received across a link on a known VCI or VPI value The switch looks up the connection value in a local translation table to determine the outgoing port (or ports) of the connection and the new VPI/VCI value of the connection on that link. The switch then retransmits the cell on that outgoing link with the appropriate connection identifiers.

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42

ATM Switching (cont.)

Video
23 Data 37 Data 56

23

56 65 76

Voice

2
34

Switch

4
5

1 In Port 1 1 2
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6 Out Port 3 4 5 6 VPI/VCI 1/23 0/56 0/65 4/76

43

VPI/VCI 0/37 0/34 0/23 0/56

ATM Switching (cont.)

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44

ATM Adaptation Layer

An applications data needing to be sent across an ATM network typically will have to be adapted to the ATM network This layer is responsible for mapping the service offered by ATM to the service expected by the higher layers

Segmentation and reassembly (SAR)

SAR is responsible for presenting the ATM service to the higher layers SAR makes cells of higher-layer data units and remakes the data units at the destination CS makes sure that the cell stream set up and sent is capable of providing the needed service to the application CS is responsible for, at the transmitter, splitting the higher level PDU into 48 octet chunks, and at the receiving side, to reassemble the 48 octet chunks back into the original PDU.
45

Convergence services (CS)

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ATM Adaptation Layer (cont.)

The AAL may enhance the service provided by the ATM Layer to the requirements of a specific service (user, control, management).

Acts on ATM Layer data streams (mapping for the next higher layer) Different requirements of the protocols on top of the AAL several AAL protocols are required AAL protocols are characterized by a common set of functions

required by several protocols to be run over an ATM network specific adaptation requirements of protocols (originally designed for other network types)

Provides several Layer Services with different layers in OSIRM User data and Signalling data typically require adaptation by these Services
46

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ATM Adaptation Layer (cont.)

Up to now, 4 (basic) AAL protocol stacks (AAL types) are defined

AAL1, AAL2, AAL3/4, AAL5

AAL Types support different user data stream requirements AAL functions contain SAR functions and some CS functions CS of these stacks has been further sub-structured:

Upper Service Specific CS (SSCS) Lower Common Part of the CS (CPCS)

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47

ATM Adaptation Layer (cont.)

AAL1 - supports connection-oriented services that require constant bit rates and have specific timing and delay requirements AAL2 - supports connection-oriented services that do not require constant bit rates (in other words, variable bit rate applications like some video schemes) AAL3/4 - this AAL is intended for both connectionless and connection oriented variable bit rate services (originally two distinct adaptation layers)

AAL3 and 4 have been merged into a single AAL which is named AAL3/4 for historical reasons

AAL5 - supports connection-less variable bit rate data services

Provides a smaller bandwidth overhead (then AAL3/4), simpler processing requirements, and reduced implementation complexity AAL5 has been proposed for use with both connection-oriented and connectionless services
48

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AAL1

The layer services provided by AAL type 1 to the AAL user are:

Transfer of Service Data Units (SDU) with a constant source bit rate and the delivery of them with the same bit rate Blocking / deblocking Transfer of timing information between source and destination Transfer of structured information between source and destination Indication of lost or defective information which is not recovered by AAL type 1 if needed

Typical Application: constant bit rate audio (e.g. ISDNTelephony)

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49

AAL1 - SAR/CS-PDU format

SN: Sequence Number (4 bits) SNP: Sequence Number Protection (4 bits) CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check (3 bit) P: Pointer SAR-PDU payload = SAR SDU Cell header SN SNP (8 bits) (47 octets) CSI: Sequence CSI CRC parity CS Indication count (1 bit) CSI = 0 Non-P format Parity (1 bit) AAL user data (47 octets) CSI = 1 P format Offset (7 bit) P AAL user data (46 octets) sequence count (3 bit)

parity
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offset
50

AAL 2

The layer services provided by AAL type 2 to the AAL user may include:

Transfer of service data units with a variable source bit rate Transfer of timing information between source and destination Indication of lost or defective information which is not recovered by AAL type 2, if needed Transmission of only partially filled cells is necessary It avoids partially filled cells by multiplexing several data streams into the same cell

AAL2 CPS fits the problem of low bit rates

Typical application: variable bit rate high quality audio and video
51

6/27/2013

AAL 2 - SAR-PDU format

SAR-PDU (48 octets) SAR-PDU header Cell header

SAR-PDU trailer SAR-PDU payload (44 octets)

SN

IT

LI

CRC

IT (Information Type) indicates beginning of message, continuation of message, or end of message and also a component of the video or audio signal SN (Sequence Number) LI (Length Indication) (6 bit) Indicates the number of octets of the CS (Convergence Sublayer) PDU (Protocol Data Unit) that is included in the SAR (Segmentation and Reassembly) payload CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) (10 bits) Used to detect errors up to two correlated bit errors in the SAR PDU

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52

AAL 3/4

Supports the non-assured transfer of user data frames An internal multiplexing function allows the establishment of several concurrent AAL type 3/4 user connections on one ATM connection On each of such connections, the integrity of the data sequence is maintained and transmission errors are detected Two new appendices describe the multiplexing AAL type 3/4 connections on an ATM connection using the Multiplexing Identification (MID) field and one procedure for dynamic MID allocation
53

6/27/2013

AAL3/4 - SAR-PDU format

SAR-PDU (48 octets) SAR-PDU header SAR-PDU trailer

Cell header

ST SN

MID

SAR-PDU payload (44 octets)

LI

CRC

ST: Segment Type (2bits)

ST coding interpretation:

00 01 10 11

COM: Continuation of Message EOM: End of Message BOM: Begin of Message SSM: Single Segment Message

MID: Multiplexing Identifier (10 bits) SN: Sequence Number LI Length Indication (6 bit) CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check (10 bits)

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54

AAL3/4 - CPCS-PDU format

CPCS-PDU (up to 65544 octets) CPCS-PDU header CPI Blag BA Size SAR-PDU payload (44 octets) CPCS-PDU trailer PAD AL Elag Length

CPI: Common Part Indicator (1 octet) Btag: Beginning Tag (1 octet) BA Size: Buffer Allocation Size (2 octets) PAD: PADding (0 to 3 octets) AL: Alignment (1 octet) Etag: End Tag (1 octet) Length: length of CPCS-PDU payload (2 octets)

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55

AAL 3/4 - Services

Message Mode service

CPCS-SDU is passed across the CPCS interface in one CPCS-IDU provides the transport of a single CPCS-SDU in one CPCS-PDU. CPCS-SDU passes in one or more CPCS-IDUs across the CPCS interface transfer across the CPCS interface may occur separated in time provides the transport of all the CPCS-IDUs belonging to a single CPCS-SDU in one CPCS-PDU internal pipelining function in the CPCS may be applied which provides the means by which the sending CPCS-entity initiates the transfer to the receiving CPCS-entity before the complete CPCSSDU is available includes an abort service by which the discarding of a CPCS-SDU partially transferred across the interface can be requested
56

Streaming Mode service

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AAL5

Designed to support packet_oriented AAL user data transfer with minimum transmission overhead but with nevertheless `machine_friendly' PDU formats. The application of AAL5 for signalling message transport, for the support of the DL_Core Service as used to implement e. g. the Frame Relaying Bearer Service is currently standardised. It is also highly probable that AAL5 will be used to support at least short term solutions for Video on Demand applications based on quasi constant bit rate transmission of MPEG Transport Streams. The Message Mode service, Streaming Mode service, and assured and non-assured operations for AAL type 5 are identical to those defined for AAL type 3/4

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57

AAL5 - Protocols

AAL5 SAR protocol

The AAL5 SAR protocol only provides for a simple CPCS_PDU delineation mechanism using the AUU bit in the cell header to differentiate between end and non_end CPCS_PDU segments.
The AAL5 CPCS protocol maps CPCS_SDUs of variable size to/from the 48_octet ATM_SDUs, supports the transparent transfer of an additional, separate octet of CPCS user data and includes bit error and cell loss and misinsertion detection capabilities.

AAL5 CPCS protocol

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58

AAL5 - CPCS-PDU format

CPCS-PDU (n * 48 octets) CPCS-PDU trailer SAR-PDU payload (44 octets) PAD CPCS CPI -UU Length CRC

PAD: PADing (0 to 47 octets) CPCS-UU: CPCS-to-CPCS User indication (1 octet) CPI: Common Part Indicator (1 octet) Length: Length of CPCS-PDU payload (2 octets) CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check (4 octets)

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59

ATM Signaling and Addressing

ATM signaling is initiated by an ATM end-system that desires to set up a connection through an ATM network Signaling packets are sent on a well known*5* virtual channel, VPI=0, VCI=5.

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60

UNI Signaling

As shown below in the figure the signaling message is transferred across the UNI using the services of SAAL (Signaling AAL layer) layer in the control plane.

UNI Signaling

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61

UNI Signaling (cont.)

Signaling procedures specify the sequence of message exchanges to establish and release connections as shown in the bounce diagram below. Many error conditions are accounted which for simplicity has been removed here. An extreme simple case is only considered.
UNI Source
Setup Network Setup

UNI Destination

Connect ack Connect ack Release Release

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Signaling Example

62

UNI Signaling (cont.)

Sequence of messages are

1.

2.

3.
4.

5. 6.

Host A sends a SETUP message on VPI/VCI = 0/5 (Default value for AAL5) identifying the destination (host B) and Other Parameters specifying details of the requested connection. The first switch analyzes the contents of the SETUP message to see whether it can handle the requested connection. If the switch can handle the request, the network returns a CALL ROCEEDING message to the host containing the VPI/VCI (0/5)for the first link. It also forwards the SETUP message across the network to the destination. Upon arrival of the SETUP message, the destination sends a CALL PROCEEDING message. If the destination accepts the call, it sends a CONNECT message that is forwarded across the network back to host A. The CONNECT messages trigger CONNECT ACKNOWLEDGE messages from the network and eventually from the source. The connection is now established, and the source and destination can exchange cells Either party (caller or called) can subsequently initiate the termination of the call by issuing a RELEASE message. This step will trigger RELEASE COMPLETE messages from the network and from the other party.
63

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PNNI Signaling

PNNI uses source routing where the first switch selects the route to the destination. Here, the source host requests a connection to host B by sending a SETUP message, using UNI signaling. The first switch carries out the connection admission control (CAC) function and returns a CALL PROCEEDING message if it can handle the connection request. The first switch maintains and uses a topology database to calculate a route to the destination that can meet the requirements of the connection contract. The route consists of a vector of switches that are to be traversed. The SETUP message propagates across the network, using the source route. Each switch along the path performs CAC and forwards the SETUP message along the next hop if it can handle the connection request. It also issues a CALL PROCEEDING message to the preceding switch along the route. If the destination accepts the call, a connect message is returned across the network to the source. Connection release proceeds in similar fashion as shown in Figure below

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64

ATM Addressing

These existing protocols all have their own addressing schemes and associated routing protocols. One proposal was to also use these same addressing schemes within ATM networks Hence ATM endpoints would be identified by existing network layer addresses (such as IP addresses), and ATM signaling requests would carry such addresses

Peer Model

Overlay Model

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65

ATM

ATM Introduction

What is an ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)? ATM Overview ATM Topology Standard

Basic principle

ATM Network Interfaces ATM Cells ATM virtual connections

Physical Layer ATM Layer ATM Adapted Layer

ATM Reference Model

ATM Services
66

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ATM Services

Frame-relay bearer services Connectionless services LAN Emulation (LANE) services ATM video and audio services Video over ATM ATM circuit emulation services Voice over ATM(CES)

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67

Frame-relay bearer services

Connect frame-relay bearer service (FRBS) networks over the ATM network or even to establish connections that interconnect frame-relay network and ATM networks. To support FRBS, the ATM network must provide the interworking function (IWF) at the AAL (AAL 5).

FR Router

FR networ k

IWF

ATM

IWF

FR networ k

FR Router

ATM Interworking Function

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Connectionless services

LANs are connectionless networks, the network linking them together should be connectionless also. These will use AAL-3/4 for transporting their traffic over an ATM network. Uses VPI= 0, VCI = 15 as the default connection for connectionless services over a UNI
LAN A CLNS

User A

Router

Workstation User B

Router
LAN B Cells ATM Switch To other ATM nodes
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IP Datagram 6/27/2013

LAN Emulation Services (LES)

Where the ATM network may connect distant LANs totally transparently to users and application and even connect separate private ATM networks over an intervening LAN LES actually emulates a LAN itself, making the two separate LANs think they are actually all one big LAN, whether they are separated by two floors or 2000 kms.
LES server 1. Clients get recipient's address from LES and setup a VC. 3. Messages for ATM clients are delivered directly.

ATM client ATM client 2. Clients sends messages on VC.

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ATM Switch

ATM Switch
4. Messages for non-ATM clients are forwarded Bridge

Broadcast/unknown server

through a bridge

70 Non-ATM client

LAN Emulation Services (cont.)

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LAN Emulation Services (cont.)

LANE components

LAN Emulation Client (LEC): A LEC is the entity in an end system that performs data forwarding, address resolution, and other control functions for a single end-system within a single ELAN. A LEC also provides a standard LAN service interface to any higher layer entity that interfaces to the LEC. LAN Emulation Server (LES): The LES implements the control function for a particular LAN. There is only one logical LES per LAN, and to belong to a particular LAN means to have a control relationship with that LAN's particular LES. Each LES is identified by a unique ATM address. The operation of the LES is described below. Broadcast and Unknown Server (BUS): The BUS is a multicast server that is used to flood unknown destination address traffic and forward multicast and broadcast traffic to clients within a particular LAN. Each LEC is associated with only a single BUS per LAN, but there may be multiple BUSs within a particular LAN that communicate and coordinate in some vendor- specific manner; this action is outside the scope of the Phase 1 LANE protocol. The BUS to which a LEC connects is identified by a unique ATM address. In the LES, this is associated with the broadcast MAC address ("all ones"), and this mapping is normally configured into the LES.
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ATM video and audio services

Sending video and the accompanying audio soundtrack on ATM networks is quickly becoming as complex an offering as data

All video used to be constant-bit-rate video, so AAL-1 was a nice fit With a video compression, it is now just a lowdelay, variable-bit-rate service (provided by AAL 2) is a good fit as well.

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ATM circuit emulation services

Take existing leased private lines and run them over the ATM network.
This is the easiest way to bring ATM services into an existing network

Use the ALL-1 interface (Constant bit rate)

CBR channels CBR channels

PBX

PBX

Telephone

IWF

ATM

IWF

Telephone

ATM Interworking Function

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T-1 or E-1 links

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Q&A

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