Professional Documents
Culture Documents
NSU
Spring 2009
Taken by: Gregory Rodocker
Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare type of skin cancer
that usually appears as a flesh-colored or bluish-red
nodule, often on your face, head or neck. Like other
types of skin cancers, the incidence of Merkel cell
carcinoma is increasing worldwide.
Also called neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin
Older people
Long-term sun exposure
Weak immune system
The Urinary System
Consists of the
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Job of the Urinary System
Filtration
Active reabsorption
Passive reabsorption
Secretion
Also, releases renin (BP control), produces
erythropoietin (to stimulate RBC production),
and monitors and regulates salt and water
balance for the body
Kidneys
Paired organs located retroperitoneal
in the abdominal cavity
Right kidney lower than the left due to
the large liver on the right side
Kidney has unique visual appearance
when sliced in a frontal plane
Retroperitoneal
Renal corpuscle: “little body”
The nephron begins in the glomerulus
(a tuft of capillaries) surrounded by a
glomerular capsule or Bowman’s
capsule
The two collectively represent the
renal corpuscle
Function of the glomerulus
This is the site of the process of
filtration
1.2 - 1.3L of blood feeds the kidneys
every minute
All of the blood in the body passes
through the kidneys every 4-5 minutes
Filtration
The two kidneys produce about 125 ml
of filtrate/minute
123-124 ml/minute is reabsorbed
Leaving 1-2 ml/min of urine produced
About 1500 ml urine/day is produced
Structural and functional unit –
the nephron
Structure of the glomerulus
Nephron
Consists of the
glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Collecting duct
Overview of kidney - Cortex
Higher Magnification of Cortex
Macula densa
Special regulatory structure
Part of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus
(JGA)
Name means dense spot
Composed of tightly packed cells in
the wall of the DCT
Macula densa
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Specialized cells in the wall of the
afferent arteriole
Cytoplasm full of granules
[]-Release renin, an enzyme that
converts angiotensinogen into
angiotensin I, which when converted to
angiotensin II serves as a potent
vasoconstrictor
Ureters
Drain the urine
from the kidneys to
the urinary bladder
Urinary bladder
Bladder lined by
transitional
epithelium
Multiple layers of
smooth muscle in
bladder wall
running in many
directions