Name: MOHAMAD ADIB BIN RAHMAT

MUHAMMAD AIMAN BIN AZMAN

SIVARAJ A/L RAVICHANDRAN

Class: 2 CEMERLANG

Teacher: PN. JUNAIDAH BT. HASSAN

Science~Biodiversity 1
What is Biodiversity?
•The wide variety of organisms on Earth in known as
biodiversity or biological diversity.
•The Variety of organisms can be classified using an
appropriate classification method.

Classification of Organisms

•A classification system is required to group living things

methodically because of their large number and types.
•Although they possess common characteristic, organisms
from the same species still have distinctive characteristics
which differentiate them from other species.
•Classification is important to enable more in-depth scientific
studies to be carried out for the improvement of the species
themselves.

Classification of Animals

•Groups of animals can be classified according to similarities

in characteristics, features and structures.
•Common characteristics are characteristics that are
possessed by two or more types of species.
•Common characteristics in animals include methods of
reproduction, types of food habitats and physical features.
•Classification of animals by common characteristics:

Science~Biodiversity 2
 Animals

Vertebrates Invertebrates
(with backbones) (without backbones)

Amphibians Birds Reptiles

Fish Mammals

Characteristics of animal Examples

Live in water crab, fish, shrimp, oyster, squid, cockle,

jellyfish
Live on land dog, chicken, cat, squirrel, mouse, elephant,
tiger, deer
Live in water & on land Crocodile, frog, turtle, seal, otter

Reproduces by laying eggs Hen, fish, bird, crab, duck, goose, cockroach

Reproduces by giving birth Whale, dolphin, porcupine, pangolin, bat,

rabbit, cow
Herbivorous Rabbit, cow, goat, giraffe, squirrel, snail,
grasshopper
Carnivorous Lion, tiger, piranha, crocodile, snake, frog

Omnivorous Chicken, duck, cat, cockroach, mouse, bear

Body covered with hair Cat, dog, cow, rabbit, bear, bat

Body covered with feathers Bird, penguin, chicken, duck

Body covered with scales Fish, pangolin, lizard, snake, monitor lizard

Science~Biodiversity 3
Animal Kingdom

•Animal can be divided into vertebrates and invertebrates.

•Differences between vertebrates and invertebrates are as
follows:

Vertebrates aspects Invertebrates

With backbones Presence of Without backbones

backbones

Main support is
Main support is
exoskeleton
endoskeleton Body Support such as hard skin and
which consists of bones
fluid pressure

Vertebrates
•Vertebrates can be divided into five groups, namely fish,
amphibians, reptiles birds and mammals.
•The characteristics of vertebrates as follows:

Science~Biodiversity 4
 Fish ( Pisces )

backbone

Pectoral finDorsal fin

eye scalesTail fin
nostril

Gill cover Sensory line

Ventral fin Anal fin

Characteristics:
1. Live in the water
2. Cold-blooded (poikilothermic)
3. Streamlined body, covered with slimy scales
4. Breathe with gills
5. Most lay eggs. A few such as sharks and seahorses give
birth to young
6. Move using fins and tail

Science~Biodiversity 5
 Amphibians

backbone

eye tympanic
nostril
mouth
Soft, moist and
Front leg exposed skin
Rear leg

Characteristics:
1. Can live on land and in the water
the young live in water
2. Cold-blooded (poikilothermic)
3. Body is covered with moist skin
4. Breathe with lungs
5. Lay eggs
6. Move using limbs and tail

Science~Biodiversity 6
 Reptiles

backbone

eardrum tail

eye Rear leg

mouth
Front leg

Characteristics:
1. Live on land and in the
water
2. Cold-blooded
(poikilothermic)
3. Have dry, hard scaly skin
4. Breathe with lungs
5. Lay eggs
6. Move using limbs and tail

Science~Biodiversity 7
 Birds

eye

wing
beak

tail

Hard
scaly
legs

Sharp claw

Characteristics:
1. Live on land
2. Warm-blooded
(homoeothermic)
3. Body is covered with
feathers
4. Breathe with lungs
5. Lay eggs
6. Move using wigs and legs
7. Have beaks

Science~Biodiversity 8
 Mammals

ear

eye

tail

leg nail

Characteristics:
1. Some live on land and some live in water
2. Warm-blooded (homoeothermic)
3. Body is covered with hair or fur
4. Breathe with lungs
5. Give birth to young except platypuses and
anteaters
6. Move using limbs
7. Young feed milk from the mother’s mammary
glands

Science~Biodiversity 9
Invertebrates
•Invertebrates are animals without backbones.
•The support system of invertebrates consists of:
Exoskeleton such as hard shell. Examples are crabs, prawns and
centipedes.
Hydrostatic
•Generally, frame. Examples
the physical are earthworms,
characteristics caterpillars and
of invertebrates are
planarians.
simpler than
vertebrates
•Most microorganisms are invertebrates. For examples,
coelenterates (Hydra
and jellyfish) and protozoa (Paramecium and Amoeba).
Classification of Plants

•Plants too can be classified according to their common

characteristics.
•Common characteristics of plants include propagation
method, habitat and
physical features.
•Classification of plant
Characteristics of plants by common characteristics:
Examples

Grow in water Water lettuce, lemna, water lily, algae

Grow on land Banana tree, durian tree, angsana tree,

orchid, maize
Woody stem Casuarinas tree, pine tree, angsana tree,
rambutan tree.
Shrub Crotons, rose, orchid, chilly, screw-pine.

Flowering Maize, grass, wild grass, sunflower

Non-Flowering Fern, moss, algae

Have seeds Papaya, orchid, maize, watermelon, hibiscus

Have spores Fern, moss

Net-Veined leaves Hibiscus tree, yam, sweet potato, African

violet, rose
Parallel-Veined leaves Wild grass, sugar cane, maize, paddy

Science~Biodiversity 10
Plant Kingdom

•Different scientists classify plants by different characteristics.

•Plants can also be grouped by the presence or absence of
seeds as follows:
Plants

With seeds Without seeds

(ferns, mosses, algae)
Flowering Non-Flowering
(Conifers)

Monocotyledons Dicotyledons

•Plants can also be divided into flowering and non-flowering

plants.

Flowering Plants
•Flowering plants are plants that can produce flowers.
•Flowers are reproductive organs of flowering plants.
•Flowering plants can be divided into groups, the
monocotyledons and the
dicotyledons, depending on the number of cotyledons in the
seeds.
•Cotyledons is the main seed leaf for the germination of new
seedlings.
•Cotyledons contains starch as food for the seeds that are
unable to make
their own food.

Science~Biodiversity 11
 Monocotyledons
One Cotyledon
A maize grain cut in half
Example: Maize
Characteristics:
•Seed has one cotyledon
•fibrous root system, which
consists of many roots of equal
size.
•Leaves have parallel veins.
•Stem is non-woody and soft.
•Examples: wild grass, orchid
plant, maize, sugar cane, palm
trees, paddy.
Science~Biodiversity
Dicotyledons
Two
Cotyledons
A green bean (split into two)
Example: Balsam plant
Characteristics:
•Seed has two cotyledons
•Tap root system, which consists
of small roots that branch out of
one main root.
•Leaves have net veins
•Stem is woody and hard.
•Examples: rose tree,
bougainvillea, angsana tree,
balsam plant, guava tree.
12
Non-Flowering Plants
•Non-flowering plants are plants that do not produce flowers.
•Non-flowers plants need to reproduce by other means, for
example, through spores
•Non-flowering plants can be divided into four groups, namely
algae, mosses, conifers, and ferns.

Benefits of Biodiversity

•Source of food
•Source of materials
•Source of medicine
•Clean water
•Air to breathe

Human Activities That Cause Animals & Plants

Become Endangered

•African elephants are hunted for their ivory tusks to make

jewellery and ornaments.
•Sharks are killed for their fins to make special delicacies.
•Seabirds have been killed by oil spills.
•Gorillas are killed and served as food. Their palms are used to
make ashtrays.

Ways to Protect Endangered Wildlife

•Setting up natural reserves.

•Enforcing legislation: banning hunting, collecting or trading of
these wildlife.
•Protecting their habitats.
•Breeding them in zoos to increase their number .
•Increase awareness regarding the importance of biodiversity
to the environment through education and campaigns.
Science~Biodiversity 13
Science~Biodiversity 14