Assignment Material science and engineering

Last date of submission: 4rd July 2013

Q.1 Copper has an atomic radius of 0.128 nm, an FCC crystal structure, and an atomic weight of 63.5 g/mol. Compute its theoretical density Ans: 8.89 g/cm3 Q.2 Molybdenum has a BCC crystal structure, an atomic radius of 0.1363 nm, and an atomic weight of 95.94 g/mol. Compute its theoretical density . Q.3 Calculate the radius of a palladium atom, given that Pd has an FCC crystal structure, a density of 12.0 g/cm3 , and an atomic weight of 106.4 g/mol. Q.4 Niobium has an atomic radius of 0.1430 nm and a density of 8.57 g/cm3. Determine whether it has an FCC or BCC crystal structure.

Q.5 Calculate the equilibrium number of vacancies per cubic meter for copper at 25 and 1000 C. The energy for vacancy formation is 0.9 eV/atom; the atomic weight and density (at C) for copper are 63.5 g/mol and 8.4 g/cm3, respectively. Ans: 2.2 x 10^25 /m3

Nv is equilibrium number of vacancies N is the total number of atomic sites Qv is the energy required for the formation of a vacancy T is the absolute temperature in kelvins. K is Boltzmanns constant having the value
or

J is diffusion flux D is diffusion cofficient C is concerntration x is position

Ficks 2nd law is

Note: (i)the solution to ficks second For a semi infinite Solid bar Law eq. is C(x,t) = A-B ficks 2nd law reduces to (ii) Erf(+infinity) = 1 Erf(-infinity) = -1 Erf(-) = -erf ()

Q.6 A plate of iron is exposed to a carburizing atmosphere on one side and a decarburizing atmosphere on the other side at 700C. If a condition of steady state is achieved, calculate the diffusion flux of carbon through the plate if the concentrations of carbon at positions of 5 and 10 mm beneath the carburizing surface are 1.2 and 0.8 kg/m3, respectively. Assume a diffusion coefficient of at this temperature. Ans: Q.7 An alloy that initially has a uniform carbon concentration of 0.25 wt% and is to be treated at 950 C (1750 F). If the concentration of carbon at the surface is suddenly brought to and maintained at 1.20 wt%, how long will it take to achieve a carbon content of 0.80 wt% at a position 0.5 mm below the surface? The diffusion coefficient for carbon in iron at this temperature is ; assume that the steel piece is semiinfinite. Ans: 7.1 h

Q.8 The diffusion coefficients for copper in aluminum at 500 and 600 C are 4.8 and 5.3 m2/s, respectively. Determine the approximate time at 500 C that will produce the same diffusion result (in terms of concentration of Cu at some specific point in Al) as a 10-h heat treatment at 600C. Ans: 110.4 h

Q.9 Using the data in Table 5.2, compute the diffusion coefficient for magnesium in aluminum at 550 C. Ans: Q. 10 The wear resistance of a steel gear is to be improved by hardening its surface. This is to be accomplished by increasing the carbon content within an outer surface layer as a result of carbon diffusion into the steel; the carbon is to be supplied from an external carbon-rich gaseous atmosphere at an elevated and constant temperature. The initial carbon content of the steel is 0.20 wt%, whereas the surface concentration is to be maintained at 1.00 wt%. For this treatment to be effective, a carbon content of 0.60 wt% must be established at a position 0.75 mm below the surface. Specify an appropriate heat treatment in terms of temperature and time at temperatures of 900, 950, 1000 and 1050 C. Use data in Table 5.2 for the diffusion of carbon in -iron. Ans:

Q. 11 Nitrogen from a gaseous phase is to be diffused into pure iron at C. If the surface concentration is maintained at 0.2 wt% N, what will be the concentration 2 mm from the surface after 25 h? The diffusion coefficient for nitrogen in iron at C is
Ans:

Q. 12 For a steel alloy it has been determined that a carburizing heat treatment of 15 h duration will raise the carbon concentration to 0.35 wt% at a point 2.0 mm from the surface. Estimate the time necessary to achieve the same concentration at a 6.0-mm position for an identical steel and at the same carburizing temperature Q. 13

Q.14

Q. 15