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p-chart: A chart used for controlling the proportion of defective services or products generated by the process.
p =
p(1 p)/n
Where n = sample size p = central line on the chart, which can be either the historical average population proportion defective or a target value.
Control limits are: UCLp = p+zp and LCLp = pzp
Hometown Bank
Example
The operations manager of the booking services department of Hometown Bank is concerned about the number of wrong customer account numbers recorded by Hometown personnel.
Each week a random sample of 2,500 deposits is taken, and the number of incorrect account numbers is recorded. The results for the past 12 weeks are shown in the following table.
Is the booking process out of statistical control? Use three-sigma control limits.
Hometown Bank
Using a p-Chart to monitor a process
n = 2500
p= p =
p =
Proportion Defective 0.006 0.0048 0.0076 0.0008 0.0076 0.0016 0.0096 0.0028 0.004 0.0068 0.006 0.0012
p(1 p)/n
0.0049(1 0.0049)/2500
Hometown Bank
Using a p-Chart to monitor a process Example
In class Problem
Control Charts
Two types of error are possible with control charts A type I error occurs when a process is thought to be out of control when in fact it is not A type II error occurs when a process is thought to be in control when it is actually out of statistical control These errors can be controlled by the choice of control limits
Process Capability
Process capability is the ability of the process to meet the design specifications for a service or product. Nominal value is a target for design specifications. Tolerance is an allowance above or below the nominal value.
Process Capability
Nominal value Process distribution Lower specification Upper specification
20
25 Process is capable
30
Process Capability
Nominal value Process distribution Lower specification Upper specification
20
30
Cp =
Cpk = Minimum of
We take the minimum of the two ratios because it gives the worstcase situation.
Cpk = Minimum of
Cpk = Cpk =
Minimum of
3(1.35)
Minimum of 1.53, 0.94
= 0.94
= 1.23
Does not meet 3 (1.00 Cpk) target due to a shift in mean (Note variability is ok since Cp is over 1.0) Before Process Modification Upper specification = 30.0 minutes Lower specification = 20.0 minutes Average service = 26.2 minutes = 1.35 minutes Cpk = 0.94 Cp = 1.23
In Class Problem
In Class Problem
Four sigma
Two sigma
Lower specification
Upper specification
Mean
5 6
0.999999426697 0.999999998027
1 in 1,744,278 1 in 506,842,372
Six Sigma
3.4 defects per million Cpk = 2 Impact of number of parts or production steps on yield:
6 sigma
1 100% 5 100% 10 100% 100 99.97%
4 sigma
99% 97% 94% 54%
3 sigma
99% 71% 50% 0%
Designing in 6-sigma
Reduce the number of parts in a product Reduce the number of steps in a process
Six Sigma
Six Sigma is a comprehensive and flexible system for achieving, sustaining, and maximizing business success by minimizing defects and variability in processes.
Master Black Belt: Full-time teachers and mentors to several black belts.
Documentation standards that require participating companies to keep track of their raw materials use and their generation, treatment, and disposal of hazardous wastes.