Basic Concept about Building Construction

Prepared By

S M Nazmul Haque

Construction Stages
For any type of Project the Construction Stages are
Conception of Scheme Site Investigation Designs Drawings & Estimating Preparation of Specifications Procurement of Materials Supervision

Construction Stages for Building Project

For Building Project the Construction Stages are
Conception of Scheme
Site Investigation Designs
Take clear concept about the function of building, feasibility study etc.
Concept about the neighborhood environment, land dimension, soil testing etc.
Architectural and Structural Designs Detail Working Drawing and Estimation of BOQ Detailed specification about each item of construction

Drawings & Estimating

Preparation of Specifications

Construction Stages for Building Project

Preparation of Time Schedule
Prepare time schedule to complete the project in time.

Procurement of Materials
Procurement of materials and supply materials to the site within scheduled time to continue the project without interruption.

Construction
Sub-Structure Super-Structure

Construction Time Schedule

(For a small construction)

A. Excavation B. Cement concrete in Foundation C. Masonry in Foundation D. Masonry in Superstructure E. Roofing F. Plastering G. Wood Work H. Flooring I. Fixing Service

7 days 4 days 7 days 28 days 7 days 14 days 7 days 14 days 14 days

Construction Time Schedule

A B C D E F G H I

3
Time (Weeks)

10

Sequences of the Building Construction

Site Clearance Demarcation of Site Positioning of Central coordinate i.e. (0, 0, 0) as per grid plan Surveying and layout Sub Structure Foundation work Shallow Foundation Deep Foundation Under Ground Reservoir Grade Beam

Sequences of the Building Construction

Super Structure
Short Column Column and Beam Slab False Slab Brick Work Lintel Duct and Grill Electrical and Plumbing Sanitary Work Window and Door Plaster Final Finishing Work

Sequences of the Building Construction

Site Clearance : The very first step is site clearance which involves removal of grass and vegetation along with any other objections which might be there in the site location. Demarcation of Site : The whole area on which construction is to be done is marked so as to identify the construction zone. In our project, a plot of 450*350 sq ft was chosen and the respective marking was done. Positioning of Central coordinate and layout : The centre point was marked with the help of a thread and plumb bob as per the grid drawing. With respect to this center point, all the other points of columns were to be decided so its exact position is very critical.

Shallow Foundation
Sub Structure Foundation
Shallow foundation : A foundation whose depth below the surface is equal to or less than its least dimension. Most strip and pad footings fall into this category.
1. Strip foundation : Often termed a continuous footing this foundation has a length significantly greater than its width. It is generally used to support a series of columns or a wall. Pad footing : Generally an individual foundation designed to carry a single column load although there are occasions when a pad foundation supports two or more columns. Raft foundation : This is a generic term for all types of foundations that cover large areas. A raft foundation is also called a mat foundation and can vary from a fascine mattress supporting a farm road to a large reinforced concrete basement supporting a high rise block.

2.

3.

Excavation
Excavation : Excavation was carried out both manually as well as mechanically. Adequate precautions are taken to see that the excavation operations do not damage the adjoining structures. Excavation is carried out providing adequate side slopes and dressing of excavation bottom. The soil present beneath the surface was too clayey so it was dumped and was not used for back filling. Plain Cement Concrete: After the process of excavation, lying of Brick Flat Soling or cement concrete that is CC is done. A layer of 3 inches was made in such a manner that it was not mixed with the soil. It provides a solid base for the foundation. Placing of Reinforcement will discuss on later slide.

Brick Flat Soling

Material Requirements: Construction Methods:
1st Class solid Bricks, fine sand.

Compact the surface by Hand rammer and sprinkling water. Level the surface. Lay the Bricks flat in surface contact with each other with frog mark upwards. Keep Break joints in the subsequent row of Bricks in English Bond pattern. Joints will not be in the same line. Use broken Bricks, if any, at the edge of the area. Fill small gaps or joints between the Bricks with local fine sand. (FM = Minimum 0.50) Brush in until the joints are filled with sand. Do not use water for flushing in of sand to the gaps.
Check the finish surface is leveled both longitudinally and transversely.

Inspection

Blinding Concrete (Mat Foundation)

Material Requirement Cement: Ordinary Portland cement Brick Aggregate: Brick into chips of size 25mm downgrade. Coarse Sand: (F.M.2.5-3.0) Local sand: (F.M.1.2-1.5) Water: Potable normally municipal supply water. Construction Methods: Thickness: Provide 75mm without Brick Flat soling. Use Polythene sheet below. Provide 50mm over Brick flat soling. Use polythene below blinding concrete. Provide 75mm over Brick flat soling in Ground floor car park area. Manufacture of Blinding Concrete: Proportioning Mix Cement, sand & brick khoa in the ratio of 1:3:6 by volume in Boxes or cans equivalent to volume of 1sack of cement.

Blinding Concrete
Measurement of Material Measure material volume in Boxes or cans equivalent to volume of 1 sack of cement. Mixing of Material IC present at mixing place to monitor and control the ratio & quantity of material in the mix. Machine mixing same as outlined in RCC instruction No. 09020500. Alternative hand mixing allowed for blinding concrete as follows: Mix the materials on a clean solid watertight masonry platform. Spread the measured quantity of sand evenly on platform. Dump and distribute the cement evenly on sand. Mix sand & cement thoroughly until the mixture is of even color. Spread the measured quantity of brick khoa in another place of platform. Spread sand cement mix on Brick khoa. Thoroughly mix the above at least 3 times- shoveling & turning over by twist from centre to side. Then again from side to centre and again from centre to side

Blinding Concrete
Add water gradually and turn the materials as above till the whole surface of each aggregate become coated with san cement mortar and the mix becomes plastic to give a uniform concrete. Placing and Compaction Clean the area from dust or of foreign materials. Take level pillars of fresh concrete in the area at suitable intervals but not more than 2m c/c both ways. Lay the concrete gently (not thrown) from one side. Use the concrete mix within 45 minutes after the water is added. Use wooden rammer for compaction. Roughen the surface for joining future work before the concrete bending. Curing: After 24 hours of laying of concrete moist the Blinding concrete surface by flooding with water or by covering with moist gunny bags at least for 7 days.

Deep Foundation
Deep foundation
A foundation whose depth below the surface is greater than its least dimension. Piles and piers fall into this category.

1. Pile foundation : Piles are used to transfer structural loads to either the foundation soil or the bedrock underlying the site. They are usually designed to work in groups, with the column loads they support transferred into them via a capping slab.

2.

Pier foundation : This is a large column built up either from the bedrock or from a slab supported by piles. Its purpose is to support a large load, such as that from a bridge. A pier operates in the same manner as a pile but it is essentially a short squat column whereas a pile is relatively longer and more slender.

Pile Foundation
Why pile foundation is required
When the subsoil immediately below the foundation is not suitable to take up the loads from the structure, then pile foundation is required.

Why pile provided

To obtain the necessary bearing capacity on a bad soil. Provided as a column support

Function of pile

Protect the foundation against slipping Transfer the load (Soft Soil to Hard Strata) Protect the foundation against scouring Improving bearing capacity

Pile Foundation
Required Instruments
Tripod Horizontal rod Chisel ( = of pile - 2 in.) Bucket Funnel Treme pipe Casing Wings machine Mass rod ( 1 ton) Boring pipe Hosepipe Suctions pipe Pump engine Steel bar Cement concrete Pulley Mixing machine Tape Hook Wire Welding equipment Leveling tube Fera (generally 1/2 bag vol.) Beller

Pile Foundation
Procedure of Pile Contraction Identification of quality and sufficient stock of Materials Identification of previously placed center of pile with reference to grid line Centering the Chisel of Tripod Stand Checking diameter of Pile and Chisel Ensuring rebars free from rust, oil, etc. and Size, Length & Nos. of Steel bar Conforming lap length according to Design Ensuring proper welding and Clear Cover using chair Diameter, Length of Casing pipe satisfactory Identification of chisel diameter Wash boring satisfactorily completed Treme pipe length and diameter satisfactory Ensuring safety, security and working environment

Pile Foundation
Pile Cap
Procedure of pile cap contraction
Excavating the earth fill where pile cap will be placed Break down the pile up to pile cut off level If desire fresh concrete is not found at required level, pile will break down until fresh concrete is grown up. Thats why, short column length will increase. Leveling and compacting the earth level 3 inches below the pile cut off level 3 or 4 inch. Cement Concrete will cast Steel bar will placed according to Design Checking of clear cover and shutter w. r to grid line After casting the pile cap, short column will be cast up to grade beam

Grade Beam
Grade Beam
Procedure of grade beam casting
Excavating the earth where grade beam will placed Compacting the bottom layer 3 BFS will placed Shuttering w.r.to grid line Leveling the beam bottom Checking of Steel bar and clear cover Investigation of casting work and maintaining top level Ensure perfect construction joint if needed

Column
Column
Procedure
5 in. kicker is used to set up column in place 1 tie will set up within 5 in. Lapping must not exceeding 50% main bar in same place 30D or 40D lapping is generally taken Turn buckle is use for shuttering column Key used for Bonding Hessian sheet is use for curing Concrete block is used for ensuring clear cover Identification of proper vibration and dumping of concrete below 6 ft height Set up the column in place Ensuring vertical alignment Use as a support for shuttering of column

Function of Kicker:

Slab
Slab Casting
Identification of required props and shutter (Wooden or Steel) Identification of required plane sheet and rupban sheet Leveling and checking of props and shutter Checking out required steel bar and its placement Checking Block and Chair used for maintaining clear cover Identification of available materials and instruments for casting Identification of slab level & investigating the vibration work Check leveling which is done by Patta Identification of electrical line, plumbing and sanitary duct, railing steel, drop wall steel Proper curing should be maintain

Reinforcement
Reinforcing Bar Binding and placement Material Requirements: Tore steel-Cold twisted deformed bar conforming to BS 4461-1978 Procured from Manufactures like BSRM, Diamond Steel and Eastern Steel or other approved Trader or Product Brand. Binding Wire: Not above 24G galvanized iron wires. Construction Methods: Clean all loose scale, dirt, paint oil, grease, or other foreign substance from the reinforcement. Cut the reinforcement as per sizes and as per lengths shown in the drawing. Stack the fabricated bars size wise & member wise. Reject the bar which cracks during straightening. Clean and Oil the form before placing reinforcement where applicable especially in case of slab. Accurately place all reinforcing bars in exact position as per size and spacing shown on the drawings.

Reinforcement
Place sufficient Blocks, chairs & spacers so that bars do not sag between supports nor displaced during concreting or any other operation over works, Use spacer Bar, chair or Pre-Cast mortar blocks separate the Layer of bar. Secure the Bar crossing each other by 24G Binding Wire so that they do not slip over each other at the time of fixing & concreting. Keep Concrete cover as following to protect reinforcement from corrosion. In foundation: 75mm In column: 37mm In Slab: 25mm In Structure Adjacent to earth: 75mm In roof beam: 37mm

Reinforcement
Terms used in Reinforcement

Bar-bending-schedule : Bar-bending-schedule is the schedule of reinforcement bars prepared in advance before cutting and bending of rebar's. This schedule contains all details of size, shape and dimension of rebar's to be cut. Lap length: Lap length is the length overlap of bars tied to extend the reinforcement length. Lap length about 35 45 times the diameter of the bar is considered safe. Laps of neighboring bar lengths should be staggered and should not be provided at one level/line. At one cross section, a maximum of 50% bars should be lapped. In case, required lap length is not available at junction because of space and other constraints, bars can be joined with couplers or welded (with correct choice of method of welding).

Reinforcement
Anchorage Length : This is the additional length of steel of one structure required to be inserted in other at the junction. For example, main bars of beam in column at beam column junction, column bars in footing etc. The length requirement is similar to the lap length mentioned in previous question or as per the design instructions Cover block : Cover blocks are placed to prevent the steel rods from touching the shuttering plates and thereby providing a minimum cover and fix the reinforcements as per the design drawings. Sometimes it is commonly seen that the cover gets misplaced during the concreting activity. To prevent this, tying of cover with steel bars using thin steel wires called binding wires (projected from cover surface and placed during making or casting of cover blocks) is recommended. Covers should be made of cement sand mortar (1:3). Ideally, cover should have strength similar to the surrounding concrete, with the least perimeter so that chances of water to penetrate through periphery will be minimized. Shape of the cover blocks could be cubical or cylindrical. However, cover indicates thickness of the cover block. Normally, cubical cover blocks are used. As a thumb rule, minimum cover of 2 in footings, 1.5 in columns and 1 for other structures may be ensured.

Material Required Ordinary any Portland Cement. Aggregate : Stone/Brick Chips of mean size 25mm downgrade. Sylhet Sand : (F.M. 1.8 2.5) Coarse Sand : (F.M. 1.2) Construction Method: Mixing: Screen excessive dust from aggregate, max. Allowable dust 3% by volume. Check the Formwork before commencing concreting. Clean the Formwork and wash, the Formwork with clean water thoroughly of all extraneous material before placing concrete. Fix reference level mark with paint in reinforcement of column or with nails in formwork to control the thickness of concreting & level of the upper surface. Measure the aggregates and sand as per proportion by can equivalent to a sack of cement.

Concrete

Concrete
Dump the measured quantity or materials as per proportion specified in the drawing in the Drum of mixer machine and thoroughly mix with required quantity of water for a period of not less than 2 minutes after all material the water are in the drum, Control water quantity by measuring slump. Slump not to exceed 50 mm. PM must be at mixture machine point to control the quality of the mix and ensure slump. Depute QE at placing point of concrete, use the concrete within 45 minutes after the water is mixed. Does not drop concrete freely from a height exceeding 2.00 M not deposit concrete in large quantities at any point exceeding 450 mm thick. Make level or reference pillars with concrete before concreting operation proceeds. Lay concrete from one end & then continuously proceed to the other end. Fresh concrete should not be deposited against concrete which is in position more than 45 minutes. The edges of old concrete are broken to give a firm bonding.

Placing

Concrete
Compacting: Compact the concrete immediately after placing by internal vibrator till scum of mortar appears. Compact within 20 minutes the mixture is placed in position. Do not vibrate much longer & stop vibrating as soon as laitance of mortar appears on the surface. Excessive vibration segregates the mix. Do not apply vibrator directly against the reinforcement or against the concrete which has developed initial set. Apply vibration in the area of freshly deposited concrete. Do not allow vibrator to the concrete 2 hours after compaction. Leveling & Curing: Check and finish the top surface of concrete at every 37 from the reference painted or nail mark. Keep scratch in the slab or provide keys in the column lift to put subsequent concrete in the proceeding days. Keep the concrete surface after 24 hours continuously wet with water till the removal of Formwork with pounding of water or covering with wet Hessian cloth.

Concrete
Testing & Inspect: During concreting, take slump of concrete for every 20 cum of concrete. Correct the mixture by adding cement and sand till the slump value is within 50mm. Procedure for making & curing of Cubes and Cylinder. Materials (concrete) for specimen should be taken from three on four random mixes. The cylinder or cube should be properly cleaned & thinly oiled but no excess oil should be visible on the inner surface. The nuts & boils should be lightly fixed with the base plate and no gaps should be there within the parts of cylinder on cubes. It is necessary that the cylinder & cube should be on the level surface before making.

Form Work
Shuttering and Scaffolding : The term Shuttering or Formwork includes all forms, moulds, sheeting, shuttering planks, walrus, poles, posts, standards, leizers, V-Heads, struts, and structure, ties, prights, walling steel rods, bolts, wedges, and all other temporary supports to the concrete during the process of sheeting. Form Work: Forms or moulds or shutters are the receptacles in which concrete is placed, so that it will have the desired shape or outline when hardened. Once the concrete develops adequate strength, the forms are removed. Forms are generally made of the materials like timber, plywood, steel, etc.

Form Work
Material Requirements: Mango wood plank of various sizes. Steel shutter. MS Plain sheet. Sheet metal lining. Props. Construction Methods: Use all column form made of 16 SWG steel sheet with holes for fixing & tighten. Height should not exceed 2m. Use wooden form for footing, beam and slab made of mango wood planks with minimum thickness of 25mm and include necessary battens, struts, runner & tics etc. Do not use warp wood for shutter. Use steel shutter for Beam where directed, made of 16 SWG steel sheets with necessary holes & clamps and strong MS Angle Frame. Wooden planks of size 125mm in width & 25mm in depth minimum for slab form. Clear gap between each plank should not exceed 150mm. Use thin metal 32G sheet lining in between the joints of wooden form & properly nailing it to make form watertight.

Form Work
Form fixing:
Clean the steel Forms with steel scraper or steel brush to make it free of rust, encrustations of mortar or other foreign materials. Apply oil to the Form either Mobil or thin tar to avoid sticking of the concrete with Form. Wipe out excess Form oil. Tighten the column with nuts & bolts at any holes and with T-Bolts. Check the Vertical Alignment both transverse and longitudinal & after proper verticality fix the steel shutter with turn bolt and tie bolt Then again check vertical alignment by adjusting turn bolts Use Bamboo post 3" dia as prop @ 600 mm C/C for slab. In between bamboo props use steel post @ 1800 - 2100 mm C/C depending on size of room space. Tight the props at both ends, no loose props should be used. Use horizontal bracing at 12000mm level for height more than 3m. In addition to turn bolt &. T -bolt fixing in the column shutter use bamboo/steel prop as strut in inclined. Before concreting, check the props are intact and during casting keep 2 carpenter/shuttering men for constant watch on prop and take immediate remedial measure as soon as any of props get loosened.

Propping and Centering:

Form Work
Immediately before concreting is commenced, the formwork is carefully examined to ensure the following:
Removal of all dirt, shavings, sawdust and other refuse by brushing and washing. The tightness of joint between panels of sheathing and between these and any hardened core. The correct location of tie bars bracing and spacers, and especially connections of bracing. That all wedges are secured and firm in position. That provision is made for traffic on formwork not to bear directly on reinforcement steel.

Verticality of the Structure

All the outer columns of the frame were checked for plumb by plumb-bob as the work proceeds to upper floors. Internal columns were checked by taking measurements from outer row of columns for their exact position. Jack were used to lift the supporting rods called props

Form Work
Removal of Form work:
Remove the Formwork as per time elapse after concreting. Footing 1 days Columns, walls, vertical members: 2 days. Soffits of slabs and beams (Up to 4.5m span) 14 days. (Above 4.5m span) 21 days Gradually and uniformly lower the props to avoid shock or vibration and damage to concrete. Operation should go from middle for slab bounded at all sides and for cantilever from free end. Pull from wood all nails. Do not allow nail bending by hammering against the face of wooden form Board.

Common Reasons for Leak in Concrete

Common Reasons for Leak of Quality in Concrete Work
Use of too much or too little water for mixing, or water carelessly added during mixing Incomplete mixing of aggregate with cement Improper grading of aggregates resulting in segregation or bleeding of concrete. Inadequate compaction of concrete Using concrete which has already begun to set. Placing of concrete on a dry foundation without properly wetting it with water. Use of dirty aggregate or water containing earthy matter, clay or lime. Too much troweling of the concrete surface. Leaving the finished concrete surface exposed to sun and wind during the first ten days after placing without protecting it and keeping it damp by proper methods of curing.

Brick Work and Plaster Work

Brick Work and Plaster Work
Instruments use for Brick Work and Plaster Work
Measuring steel tape Leveling pipe Sprit level Tri square Plum bob Trowel Wooden float Mental float Level gauge

Brick Wall
Brick Wall Work Procedure
Before setup the layout floor should be keep clean Identification of proper curing period of brick so that the water penetrates to its full thickness. Normally 6 to 8 hours of wetting is sufficient. Before work, cured brick should be dry at least 1 hour Chipping the area before brick place Grouting by the water cement paste Brick will place according to layout Checking the verticality of brick work by plum bob Vertical joints shouldnt be continuous but staggered. All bricks should be placed on their bed with frogs on top Thread, plumb bob and spirit level should be used for alignment, verticality and horizontality of construction. A maximum of one meter wall height should be constructed in a day. The joint thickness shouldnt exceed 1 cm. It should be thoroughly filled with the cement mortar 1:4 to 1:6 (Cement: Sand by volume) Joints should be raked and properly finished with trowel or float, to provide good bond Brickwork should be properly cured for at least 10 days

False Slab & Grill

False Slab
Leveling by water level Checking of reinforcement distribution Position check for exhaust fan Maintain proper distance with fan to light

Grill
Thickness check by slide calipers Measurement checks (width, length, diagonal etc.) Vertical alignment check Proper wielding for Grill

Plaster Work
Plaster Work Procedure
Chipping ,Brush and scrap the cured surface to make it free from mortar oil, greasy spots and efflorescence and loose materials. Wash the surface with water and kept surface moist (but no surface water) before commencing plaster Surface will be saturated surface dry. CC will be as like as paste. (Ratio 1:4 to 1:6 depends on Surface) Grouting the surface by the water cement paste Set up the distance between two wall face Vertical level check by gauge w. r. to beam face Maintaining doors wood in same level with plaster face

Curing
Following are the methods for curing different building parts: Walls Water should be sprinkled from the top such that it covers the whole area of the wall and it should be remain wet. Slab Ponding should be done on the slab by constructing bunds of mortar Beams and columns The beams and columns can be maintained wet by tying gunny bags around the periphery and by maintaining it wet always. Roof Beam should be sprinkled from the top such that it covers the whole area of the beam and it should be remain wet.

Wood Work
Quality control for Doors wood Frame
Use wood which is free from sap. Knots. Cracks, large holes or any defects or diseases affecting appearance and strength. Work on Dry timbers. If the color of wood is light, it will bad Dimension check Sand paper the member to remove roughness & ensure plainness before assembling them. Joints must be well matched and tight. Properly glued and secured with hardwood screws.

Wood Work
Finish the surfaces smooth by sand papering and planer as to perfectly make the surface free from:
Disfiguring Effects Stain Dents Of Chisel Uneven Planning Uneven Sanding Tool Marks Scratches Uneven Trimming and Gouges.

Paint the unexpected face of Frame in contact with masonry or concrete surface with 2 coats of tar paint before fixing. Fix the frames truly vertical. Check the vertical alignment with spirit level and with plumb bob.

Wood Work
Shutter
Do not use wood as mentioned in above for shutters and that each plank must be straight without any wrap or bow. Take planner machine with fine abrasive paper for smooth leveling of the shutter. No grain showed be detectable by touch with Hand and planning to continue till a smooth, highly level surface attained. Before varnishing polishing properly clean surface free of dust, dirt adhesives and other foreign substances lightly rub down with abrasive paper each coat before applying the next No excess polish or polish mark be visible. Excess oil be removed to avoid sticky surface as it catch dust. Evenly spread the polish. Use Lacquer polish (either yacht of elite or original China Lacquer) as final touch over 3 coats polish/Varnish. Fix locks and other fastening only before fixing various sanitary and electrical fixtures. However, for fabricated door shutters procured as for example for PARTEX Boards. Properly store the door shutters in a dry well ventilated damp proof area. Do not store in area prove to alternated wet and driving. Prefabricated shutter in touch with water will swell become disfigured & warped.

Painting
Plastic Emulsion Paint:
Do not apply paint on the surface not cured for at least 14 days and which is not at least 45 days old. Use only in Interior. Completely dry the surface. Do not use paint on wet or damp surface. Brush down thoroughly with stiff Brush/Sand paper to remove loose surface contamination and particles. Scrape off hard and cement splashes. Make defects with cement sand cure & completely dry the patch. Apply water base sealer with brush/roller, coverage area 52sqm/4liter(1 Gallon). Add 20% water as thinner. Apply sealer uniformly so that surface is whitish.

Painting
Putty preparation and application: Preparation:
Chalk Powder (England) Enamel paint Plastic Paint Water = = = = 1 bag 1 Liter 1 gallon as required as per surface condition to make paste

Applications

Days putty should be used on that day of preparation. After application of putty sand preparing to be continued till the visibility of plaster surface. Paint to be applied after minimum 4 days of application of putty. Percentage of water mixing with the paints for painting 1st coat. 20% water subsequent coats. 15% water interval 7 days minimum between successive coats. Coverage Area: 32 sqm/4 liters can for spot less.

Painting
Enamel Paint Use enamel paint in steel structure Pipe rail or steel Gate etc. Surface preparation

Apply primer as follows;

Use steel brush and emery paper no. 320 to rub the surface until rust/any scale/concrete mortar on the steel surface are removed. For MS surface Red oxide/ Read Lead primer. For G.I surface use Zinc Chromed primer. 1st Coat: Thin with 5% max T-6 thinner and then apply after 2 days of primer application. 2nd & 3rd coat same as mentioned for plastic paint. Each coat thin with maximum 5% T-3.Thinner.

Painting
Distemper Use in interior wall & ceiling over plastered surface where recommended. Surface preparation is same as plastic paint. Add water to the Distemper. Mixing ratio of water to paint = 2:3. Thoroughly mix the paste with water to make unifom1 consistency. Do not mix with any other paint or powder. Do not keep thinned material for more than 1 how' for reuse. Apply with Brush or roller. Apply 2nd coat and 3rd coat in the above manner as for 1st coat but interval between successive coats be minimum 48 hours.

Painting
Outside Paint:
Use paint instructs color exterior cl\1ubion. Use 2 coats with primer or 3 coats without premier. Use white cement mixed with Aica/Glue as primer and then cure for at least 7 days. Thoroughly stir the paint and thin with 15% clean tap water. Touch putty may be allowed if undulation is visible. Apply 1st coat with Roller. Completely dry the 1st coat.

Painting
Inspection:
Check the surface is properly dry. Check the surface properly cleaned, brushed and dust off. Check the contents thoroughly stirred. Check the water or thinner mixed as per specification or otherwise as per manufacturer's instruction. Check the brush or rollers are properly cleaned. Do not allow successive coat till the proceeding coat is completely dry. Check by touch the paint should not adhere with finger or palm. Do not over thin paint. Do not use old thinned paint. Do not allow painting during rain or in excessive humidity. Keep the painted surface well ventilated during and at least month after painting, this is important.

Patent Stone
Material Requirement:
Pie Chips -

Sand Cement Water

Brick chips of sizes 12mm downgrade. Coarse Sand (FM 1.2 1.5) Ordinary Port Land Cement Potable Water

Construction Methods:

Thickness: Provide 25mm to 38mm depending on the finished level and existing floor level. Proportion: Mix cement, sand & pie chips in the ratio of 1:2:4 by volume. Mix the material in presence of Engineer in Charge to control the ration & quantity of mix.

Mixing of Materials:

Patent Stone
Placing & Compaction: Clean the old surface of dirt, laitance and all loose materials by wire brush and chipping. Wash by clear water. Apply cement slurry before placing patent stone concrete. Take levels by concrete @ 2m C/C. Compact by straight edge and wooden floats. Rough the surface by room for adherence of the finish surface over it. Curing: Moist & cure the patent stone concrete for at least 7 days before lying. Check: Mark the top level of surface finish mark patent stone tip level with this reference deducting finish thickness. Check and keep the level of patent stone uniform by filling or renewing patent stone concrete which still green to keep the surface finish thickness equal. Make the check by straight edge (aluminum) or by spirit level.

Mosaic Work
Material Requirement: White Cement : Marble Chips : 10-6mm downgraded Water : Potable Polishing Material : Grey Cement in case of silver grey mosaic Construction methods: Surface Preparation: Property chip and clean the existing floor surface. Take floor as dead level and keep sufficient slop in verandah & bath. Making under Layer: Place 5mm glass strip with reference to finish level in equal panels. Keep 125mm margin and 125mm skirting. Make and lay 25-38mm patent stone as per spec. Patent Stone. Keep top of patent stone 10mm (Pucca) below glass strip. Keep top surface of patent stone rough. Soak and cure patent stone with water for 7 days at least. Do not allow movement over patent stone to break glass strip. Plaster Background of skirting mosaic must be rough & cured for at least 20 days.

Mosaic Work
Processing Mosaic Materials: Sieve white cement by wire mesh and reject the Lumps of white cement over screening sieve. Wash mosaic chips. Store on a clean platform and sort out bigger sizes, inferior quality and colored mosaic chips. Repack the screened white cement before use in tightly close bags. Cover the mosaic chips after sorting with polythene. Screening of white cement and sorting of marble chips should be in a lot requiring for a flat in complete. Mixing of Mosaic Materials: Batch the materials from those selected for a flat with a can in the ratio of 5 parts Marble chips to 4 parts white cement which can be laid in 1 hour. Mix the materials on a clean Area. Thoroughly mix the materials 3 times in dry condition. Add water gradually and mix 3 times until the mix is a stiff paste of plastic consistency and every marble chips become coated with cement mortar. At this stage, no marble chips will be visible

Glazed Tiles
Material Requirement: Prefabricated Glazed Tiles. White Cement. Sand cement Mortar (3.1) Construction Methods: Receive tiles only having same caviler no. Surface Preparation: Chip the surface from dirt, dust or concrete mortar clean & wash thoroughly. Soak the surface properly with water. Take finish level of floor tile 10mm below the room level and give slope to the out let. Make under layer i.e. patent stone and cure patent stone for 7 days keep the surface of patent stone rough. Make and lay patent stone . Keep top of patent stone 16mm below top of mosaic.

Glazed Tiles
Fixing Tiles: Does not use crack spotted or variable glazing tiles. Do not use tiles different caliber no. in the same apartment. Soak and wash the tiles in water. Apply Cement slurry at the back of tiles to fix in bedding mortar. Tamp the tiles and correct to proper plane and lines checking with thread fixed at ends. Keep the tiles surface perfectly level. Remove the protruding or depressed tile and re fix when the back and bedding mortar is still green. Keep the joints fine & uniform joint not exceed 2mm. Keep each Horizontal line truly straight & keep vertical joint truly vertical one above another. Remove all loose mortar then & then after a wall or day7s job before the mortar becomes dry with moist soft cloth. Keep the surface kept wet for 7 days minimum. Tap the Tiles with wooden mallet & if sound hollow remove the tile that sound so & prefix with fresh mortar. Fill joints with white cement mix with suitable pigment to match the color & tiles.

Lime Tracing
Material Requirement: Lime Surki Brick Chips Slake Lime. Made from 1st Class Bricks Crushed or ground below 2mm. Made from 1st class Bricks crushed to sizes 20mm down graded.

Construction Methods: Use lime, surki in the specified ratio on a clean platform in dry condition, till of uniform color. Soak the Brick Chips at least 3 hours before mix and allow standing. Mix lime & surki in the specified ratio on a clean platform in dry condition, till of uniform color. Add previously wetted khoa in the specified quantity over lime-surki mixture.

Sanitary and Plumbing

Material Requirement:
Galvanized Iron Pipes Polyvinyl chloride pipes Heavy Cast Iron Pipes Paints Thread Tape Solvent Cement Pipe Fittings.

Sanitary and Plumbing

Construction Methods GI/PVC
GI Pipe shall be of Branded. (RFL/ANOWER/PEDROLLO/MATADOR) Do not use pipes which have cracks, surface flaws lamination & other defects. Do not start Groove cutting for pipes in wall, which is not cured for more than 7 days. Make Groove cutting straight. Use Groove cutting machine for Groove cutting. Install the pipes straight & level vertical or horizontal. Provide 7 threads in joining pipe. The depth of thread be uniform and sharp. Pipe broken at thread portion do not use. Before joining the pipes clean the thread with steel brush. Carefully file the pipe ends so that no obstruction to the bore is offered. Join pipes with thread tape and solvent cement or enamel paint wrapped round the thread and screwed end of pipe. Grip with at least 5 threads to make the joints watertight. Use pipe wrench for jointing. Screw the pipe in socket, bend, tee and other fittings and fixtures in similar way. Fill the pipes with water from overhead eater tank & plugged at opens. Keep the pipes with water full & under hydraulic pressure for 1 month. Text hydraulic pressured at 50 psi at various locations weekly to detect leakage. Rectify the leakage by rethreading, retightening or changing the pipes. Keep this rectified portion under watch for a month. Conceal the pipe and joint showing no leakage with cement sand mortar (1:3), scratch surface & to be cured for 7 days before application of surface plaster.

Electrical P.V.C. Conduit

Material Requirement: P.V.C pipe of various dia. Circular box, Bends, Elbow, Tee etc. GI Wire. Construction Methods: P.V.C Pipe: Do not use crack P.V.C. pipe in work, give foot pressure on pipe and if pipe breaks. Do not use it. Use pipe which is ductile but not brittle. Installation: Fix the conduit under reinforcement straight and lined with reinforcement with GI wire @ 900mm c.c. Remove & replace the broken P.V.C conduit before concreting. Place the conduits in the roof slab for points covering shortest route. Circular box, bend tees and other accessories to be supplied by the contractor, check the materials are of good quality.

Electrical P.V.C. Conduit

Close the open ends of pipes and accessories with paper and sand so that concrete does no tender into them. Make groove cutting in wall which is cured at least for seven days. Make groove cutting by groove cutting machine. Do not allow groove cutting by hand. Do not exceed more than 10 mm around the pipe for groove cutting. Make groove truly vertical and horizontal Keep the pipes vertical by nailing @ 450 mm where there are three pipes, Use wire mesh where there are more than three pipes in a group. Conceal the pipes with sand cement mortar (4.1) over the wire mesh and make the top surface rough with scratching for bonding with plaster. Cure the cement sand mortar over pipe continuously with water for 7 days.

Electrical P.V.C. Conduit

Inspection: The followings to be followed during slab casting: Nitto tapping to be done in each joints of electrical conducting. Nitto tap should be of higher quality. For exterior piping both solution joint and tapping compulsory. Use circular box in the conducting works as per the required outlets. No circular box should be used with any open outlets. All fan hook boxes, laid in the slab, should be filled inside with papers or sand. All pipes should be fixed tightly with the fan hook outlets. Refer to conduit (Electrical) damage checking including proper fitting bend, socket, elbows etc.

Electrical Wiring
Material Requirement: Single core low tension cable manufactured by BRB as per standard BDS 900/79 and BS 6004/75. E.C.C. (Earth continuity conductor). Construction Methods: 2.1 Draw the wire with 14/16 SWG GI wire through P.V.C. conduit. Take care that during drawing of the wire it docs not rupture. Complete any nailing or hammering work before running of the wires, other wise this operation may damage the conduit and spoil the insulation of wire. Pull cables only after the conduit system is completely installed. Do not allow any joint in the cable between outlets. Joint can be allowed only at the Junction box. Use only black neutral cable. Use E.C.C. for out lets fitting and fixture as per drawing.

Electrical Wiring
Use one earthling for generator two earthlings for transformer, one earthling for MDB and two Earthlings for lighting arrestor. Use 3mm ebonite sheet for covering the joint box light point. Use 16rnm dia 450trm long copper rod as lighting arrestor minimum, three nos. 3S per drawing. Size of the copper to be 4 SWG.

Inspection:

Check the insulation resistance of cable and do not allow the resistance lower than 0.5 mega ohm. Check that every out let is active testing with a bulb. If the bulb glows then the wiring is ok.

Materials
Based on size aggregate are divided into two distinct categories Fine Aggregate:
The aggregate particles passing through sieve #4 (ASTM) and retained in #200 sieve is called fine aggregate. The standard sieve sizes are #4, #8, # 16, #30, #50, #100 and #200. The opening sizes of sieves are 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 m, 300 m, 150 m and 75 m respectively. The FM value of fine aggregates varies up to 3.0. For usual construction work the value of FM of fine aggregates i.e. fine & coarse sand varies within 1.2 2.5.

Coarse Aggregate:
The aggregate particles retaining through sieve #4 (ASTM) is called coarse aggregate. The standard sieve opening sizes are 75 mm, 63 mm, 50 mm, 37.5 mm, 25 mm, 19 mm, 12.5 mm, 9.5 mm respectively. The FM value of coarse aggregate greater than 3. This value has an important effect on the workability of fresh concrete. For usual construction work the value of FM of coarse aggregate i.e., khoa varies within 4 5.

Materials

Sand
Properties
It should be chemically inert. It should be free from organic or vegetable matter. It should be free from salt. It should contain sharp, angular and coarse grains. It should be well graded. It should be hard.

Test
Salt Vegetable Matter Presence of Clay

Sand
Salt test of sand: Mix proper quantity of sand with water in a jar. Shake the jars thoroughly so that sand can easily mixed with water and allow the mixture to stand for several hours. Then a small amount of clean water of the jar taken in a spoon and identify its test. If it feel salt test, then there is salt present in sand.

Sand
Test for Vegetable Matter: Take a straight sided glass jar and give 130cc and 200ce mark on it. Fill the jar with the sample sand up to 130 cc mark. Add 3% solution of caustic soda until 200cc mark is reached. Shake the bottle thoroughly, as soon as the solution of caustic soda is added and allow the mixture to stand for 24 hours. Observation: Note the color of the liquid: If colorless, the sand is free from vegetable matter. If straw colored, this indicates presence of some vegetable matter, but not enough to make it seriously objectionable. If dark colored, the sand contains objectionable quantity of vegetable matter, and should not be allowed to use without washing.

Sand
Test for Presence of Clay Take about 50ml of a 1% solution of common salt in water in a 250ml measuring cylinder. Sand sample is then added gradually until the level of the top of the sand is at the 100ml mark and add more solution to bring the liquid level of the 150ml mark. The cylinder is shaken vigorously and the content is allowed to settle for three hours. The thickness of the silt layer which settles above the sand is then measured and expressed as a percentage of the height of the sand below the layer. The amount of clay and silt in the sand may be considered acceptable if it does not exceed 8%.

Coarse Aggregate
Properties
Density of Stone aggregate should be >26 KN/m3. Density of Brick aggregate should be >23 KN/m3 Aggregate shape should be angular. Specific Gravity should be in between 2.5 to 2.7. The aggregate should not be flaky and elongated. (Ratio of maximum to minimum > 5) Should be free from organic and chemical matter. The aggregate should be well graded i.e. equal amounts of various sizes of aggregates.

Field testing Visual Observation There should be no visible lumps and the color should be greenish gray in bags. Feel Test The hand is plunged into a bag of cement. It should not feel warm but cool. The cement is then rubbed between the thumb and the forefinger. If it does not have a lumpy or gritty feeling but gives a smooth feeling, the cement is good. Shrinkage test The test requires making a thick paste of cement with water on a piece of thick glass. It is then immersed under water for 24 hours. If it does not crack, the cement is good. Flexure Test The test requires making a 25mm 25mm 200mm (118) block of cement with water. The block is then immersed under water for three days. After removing, it is supported 150mm apart and a weight of 15kg uniformly placed over it. If it shows no sign of failure the cement is good.

Cement

Storing of Cement The maximum storing period should not be more than 100 days, because after 100 days the strength of cement reduces excessively. Cement should be stored for the shortest period possible but not at all in the rainy season. Store-sacked cement in an airtight warehouse or shed. If no shed is available, place the sacks on raised, wooden platforms. Place them close together to reduce air circulation and away from exterior walls. (For example: 400 bags of cement can be stacked in 4 rows, 10 in a row, 10 layers deep in each stack; 4.5 m X 2.5 m X 2 in high a shed of size 6 m X 3.5 m is enough to store 20 tons.) Sacks stored outside for long periods should be covered with tarpaulins or other waterproof coverings so that rain cannot reach either the cement or the platforms and to prevent circulation of moist air through the stock. Damp godowns and floors should be avoided. Not more than ten cement bags should be stacked one over another as due to heavy load air-setting takes place in bags in lowest layers.

Cement

Brick
Properties of Good Bricks Bricks should be uniform in color, size and shape. The standard dimension is 240 x 115 x 70mm. (9.5 x 4.5 x 2.75 inches) They should be free from cracks and other flaws such as air bubbles, stone nodules, etc. They should not absorb more than about 115 of their own weight of water when immersed in water for 24 hours 05 to 20% of dry weight). The average compressive strength of bricks should be in the range of 2500 psi . They should be neither over-burnt nor under-burnt. The weight should be generally 2.7Kg (6 lb.) per brick and the unit weight should be generally 2000 Kg/in' (125 lbs. /cft). They should give clear ringing or metallic sound when struck by another brick or hammer. Bricks should not change in volume when wet.

Brick
Field testing of Bricks
Take a brick and try to make a mark on its surface with nail. If you can do this, it is not a good brick. If not, it is sufficiently hard and compact. Take a brick and strike it with a hammer or another brick. If it gives a clear ringing or metallic sound, it is a good brick. Surfaces of good bricks should be smooth having square edges, and free from cracks and voids. Color, shape, size and structure of bricks should be uniform. Take two bricks and form a 'T' as shown in the following figure and drop from a height of 1.2m (4 ft.) to 1.5m (5 ft.) on a more or less solid surface. If they break, they are not good bricks. If they remain unbroken, they are good bricks.

Water
Water should be pure as far as possible as drinking water. Water for Construction should be free from Suspended Particles Dissolved Salt Acids and Alkalis

Steel
General precautions for steel bars in reinforcement Steel bars are clear, free from loose mil scales, dust and loose rust coats of paints, oil or other coatings which may destroy or reduce bond strength. Steel bars should be stored in such a way as to avoid distortion and to prevent deterioration and corrosion. Steel bars should not be clean by oily substance to remove the rust. The bar is bent correctly and accurately to the size and shape as shown in drawings. If possible, the bar of full length is used. Overlapping bars do not touch each other and these should be kept apart with concrete. The overlap if given should be staggered. The cranks in the bar at the end should be kept in position by using spots. The steel bars should not be disturbed while lying cements concrete. Required cover under steel bars should be given before laying the cement concrete. No overlap is given in the bar having a diameter more than 36 mm, if required, the bar should be welded.

Treatment of Termite
The most acceptable treatment is soil treatment. In this process any one of the following chemical substance is mixed with water to prepare emulsion. Aldrin 0.5% Heptachlor 0.5% Chlordane 1.0% The emulsion is applied to the periphery wall of the building on both side at ground level after construction of the wall in a rate 5 liter per sqm.

Testing of Concrete & Steel

Compressive Strength Test of Concrete
Mold sizes will 6 X 12 or 4 X 8 Tapping with Rod 25 times Curing for 28 days Tested in Laboratory by UTM Strength should satisfy with desire design strength

Tensile Strength Test of Steel

Tested in Laboratory by UTM Strength should satisfy with desire design strength

Slump test
Determining the consistency of the freshly mixed concrete by filling a conical frustum mold with a sample of concrete, then placing it over a flat plate and removing the mold; the amount by which the concrete drops below the mold height measured and this represents the slump. The size of the mold is height 12, top diameter 4 and bottom diameter 8. Both top and bottom are left open. Handles are attached to the outside of the mold. Freshly mixed concrete is placed in the mold in three layers, each being compacted separately with 25 blows of a 5/8 diameter and 2 long temping rod. After filling the mold with concrete the mold is removed smoothly and then the slump is measured with respect to the top of the mold. Type of Construction Slump (inch) RCC Foundation walls & Footings 1-3 Plain Footings, caissons & substructure walls 1-3 Slabs, beams & reinforced walls 1-4 Building columns 1-4

Accident scenarios
The following are some scenarios, which resulted in serious accidents at different construction sites:
Accident occurred during lifting or carrying operations by accidental release of objects from the cranes. Contact with electricity of electric discharge. Collapse of a temporary excavation. Concrete bricks fell from the platform of a material hoist, work struck by a moving vehicle. Contact with moving machinery or object being machined. Drowning e.g. two workers drowned during the construction of a pier in the sea in Hong Kong. Exposure to fire. Fall of passenger hoist or appliance carrying persons.

Safety Checklist
Contractors should issue a standardized safety checklist for the use of safety officers and safety supervisors for site safety inspections. Scores or grading should be allocated to items in the safety checklist. Grade A represents Adequate. Grade B represents Improvement is needed. And grade C represents Immediate Action. Items that may be included in the checklist are:

1. Site Layout:

Site hoarding and covered walkway Site fence and main entrance Internal transit and drive way

Safety Checklist
2. Excavation work
Shoring and support Ladder and other access Safety barrier Base plate and ground support Vertical lateral and diagonal supports Safety raising and toe boards

3. Working platform

4. Ladder

Steel ladder should not be located near to high voltage over head cable. The top portion of ladder should be at least 1 m above landing of the working platform.

Safety Checklist
5. Structural steel installation Provision of working platform Fixing points for safety belt Safety net Demolition Refer to structural drawing as built brawing Provision of working platform Removal of debris to prevent overloading. Work in confined space Sufficient supply of fresh air/removal of toxic gases Availability of respiration apparatus Continuous monitoring by co-workers outside the confined working space.

6.

Safety Checklist
7. Transportation Inspection and maintenance of transportation vehicles Competent and qualified operatives Reverse signaling and barks man 8. Tower crane / mobile crane Inspection and testing certificate Weekly inspection and inspection report 9. Fire prevention Fire extinguisher Unobstructed access and egress Storage for inflammable goods 10. Safety inspection Site inspection should be carried out by safety officers and safety supervisors on daily basis to ensure safety procedures for construction operation.

Responsibilities of Project Engr.

Guide up the construction work Decide the proper step for any emergency need Dealing with contractor Quality assure of materials Estimate the required materials as per actual Follow up the project schedule Implementation of final design and layout

Keynote
Water Cement ratio (W/C) should be 0.4, generally 0.4 0.5. After one pile casting has finished, next pile work should not be within 10 to 15 ft distance before the final setting completed for first one. It may be 72 hours take to start new one within this region. At a time maximum allowable brick wall height for 5 in. wall is 4 ft and for 10 in. wall, it is 5 ft. Lintel thickness will 8 inches if opening is 5 ft, for any other case it is 6 in. Slump test: if falls 6 in. then it will be bad. Honeycomb is a problem generally present in column U-rod is used for Column shutters support Hessian cloth is used for curing of column Wooden props generally used at 2 ft distance, steel props used at 2.5 ft distance For false slab: reinforcement used in one layer Foyer: Space below the drop wall Wall cabinet: attached almirah with wall Rupban sheet: sheet use between wooden shutter Plaster generally to in thick Kobla is unsymmetrical area with different face