Introduction to Packet Voice Technologies

Cisco Networking Academy Program

IP Telephony

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Traditional Telephony

IP Telephony v1.0

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Basic Components of a Telephony Network

IP Telephony v1.0

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Central Office Switches

IP Telephony v1.0

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What Is a PBX?

IP Telephony v1.0

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Basic Call Setup

IP Telephony v1.0

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Supervisory Signaling

IP Telephony v1.0

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Address Signaling

Tone telephone
DTMF dialing

Rotary telephone
Pulse dialing
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IP Telephony v1.0

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Informational Signaling

IP Telephony v1.0

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Digital vs. Analog Connections

IP Telephony v1.0

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Time-Division Multiplexing

IP Telephony v1.0

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Frequency-Division Multiplexing

IP Telephony v1.0

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Packetized Telephony Networks

IP Telephony v1.0

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Packet Telephony vs. Circuit-Switched Telephony

More efficient use of bandwidth and equipment Lower transmission costs Consolidated network expenses Increased revenue from new services Service innovation Access to new communications devices Flexible new pricing structures

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Call Control

IP Telephony v1.0

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Distributed Call Control

IP Telephony v1.0

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Centralized Call Control

IP Telephony v1.0

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Packet Telephony Components

IP Telephony v1.0

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Real-Time vs. Best-Effort Traffic

Real-time traffic needs guaranteed delay and timing. IP networks are best-effort with no guarantees of delivery, delay, or timing. Solution is quality of service end-to-end.

IP Telephony v1.0

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Foreign Exchange Station Interface

IP Telephony v1.0

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Foreign Exchange Office Interface

IP Telephony v1.0

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E&M Interface

IP Telephony v1.0

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T1 Interface

IP Telephony v1.0

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E1 Interface

IP Telephony v1.0

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BRI

IP Telephony v1.0

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Physical Connectivity Options

IP Telephony v1.0

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Cisco IP Phone

IP Telephony v1.0

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Analog Voice Basics

IP Telephony v1.0

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Local Loops

IP Telephony v1.0

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Types of Local-Loop Signaling

Supervisory signaling Address signaling Informational Signaling

IP Telephony v1.0

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On Hook

IP Telephony v1.0

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Off Hook

IP Telephony v1.0

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Ringing

IP Telephony v1.0

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Ringing (Cont.)

IP Telephony v1.0

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Pulse Dialing

IP Telephony v1.0

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Dual Tone Multifrequency

IP Telephony v1.0

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Informational Signaling with Call-Progress Indicators

IP Telephony v1.0

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Trunks

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Foreign Exchange Trunks

Foreign Exchange Office
Connects directly to office equipment Used to extend connections to another location

Foreign Exchange Station

Connects directly to station equipment Used to provision local service

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Types of Trunk Signaling

Loop start Ground start E&M Wink Start E&M immediate start E&M delay start

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Loop-Start Signaling

IP Telephony v1.0

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Ground-Start Signaling

IP Telephony v1.0

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E&M Signaling

Separate signaling leads for each direction E-lead (inbound direction) M-lead (outbound direction) Allows independent signaling

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E&M Type I

IP Telephony v1.0

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E&M Type V

IP Telephony v1.0

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E&M Type II

IP Telephony v1.0

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E&M Type III

IP Telephony v1.0

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E&M Type IV

IP Telephony v1.0

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Trunk Supervisory Signaling Wink Start

IP Telephony v1.0

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Trunk Supervisory Signaling Immediate Start

IP Telephony v1.0

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Trunk Supervisory Signaling Delay Start

IP Telephony v1.0

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2-Wire to 4-Wire Conversion and Echo

Echo is due to a reflection. Impedance mismatch at the 2-wire to 4-wire hybrid is the most common reason for echo.

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Echo Is Always Present

Echo as a problem is a function of the echo delay and the loudness of the echo.

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Echo Suppression

IP Telephony v1.0

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Echo Cancellation

IP Telephony v1.0

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Analog-to-Digital Voice Encoding

IP Telephony v1.0

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Digitizing Analog Signals

1. Sample the analog signal regularly. 2. Quantize the sample. 3. Encode the value into a binary expression. 4. Compress the samples to reduce bandwidth, optional step.

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Basic Voice Encoding: Converting Digital to Analog

1. Decompress the samples, if compressed. 2. Decode the samples into voltage amplitudes, rebuilding the PAM signal. 3. Filter the signal to remove any noise.

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Nyquist Theorem

IP Telephony v1.0

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Voice Compression Techniques

Waveform algorithms
PCM ADPCM

Source algorithms
LDCELP CS-ACELP

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Example: Waveform Compression

PCM
Waveform coding scheme

ADPCM
Waveform coding scheme Adaptive: automatic companding

Differential: encode changes between samples only

ITU standards:
G.711 rate: 64 kbps = (2 * 4 kHz) * 8 bits/sample

G.726 rate: 32 kbps = (2 * 4 kHz) * 4 bits/sample

G.726 rate: 24 kbps = (2 * 4 kHz) * 3 bits/sample G.726 rate: 16 kbps = (2 * 4 kHz) * 2 bits/sample
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Compression Bandwidth Requirements

IP Telephony v1.0

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Perceptual Speech Quality Measurement

IP Telephony v1.0

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Signaling Systems

IP Telephony v1.0

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T1 Digital Signal Format

IP Telephony v1.0

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Robbed-Bit Signaling

IP Telephony v1.0

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Channel Associated SignalingT1

IP Telephony v1.0

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E1 Framing and Signaling

IP Telephony v1.0

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Channel Associated SignalingE1

IP Telephony v1.0

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Common Channel Signaling

IP Telephony v1.0

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ISDN
ISDN
Part of network architecture Definition for access to the network

Allows access to multiple services through a single access

Used for data, voice, or video

Standards-based
ITU recommendations Proprietary implementations

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ISDN Network Architecture

IP Telephony v1.0

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Layer 3 (Q.930/931) Messages

IP Telephony v1.0

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IP Telephony v1.0

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