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SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDE
way of looking into things that are governed by facts which are known

Scientific Attitude
Curiosity -shows interest and pays particular attentions to objects or events -asks questions and seeks answers

Scientific Attitude
Careful judgment -does not jump to a conclusion - bases: facts as well as on reliable information.

Scientific Attitude
Open-mindedness
-listens to and respects the ideas of others. - accepts criticism & changes his mind if reliable evidence contrdicts his believes.

Scientific Attitude
Critical mindedness - bases suggestions and conclusions on evidences.

Scientific Attitude
Objectivity - doesnt allow feelings and biases to influence recording of observations, interpretation of data, and formulation of conclusions.

Scientific Attitude
Rationality -believes that things happen with a cause. -accepts facts but only with supported as well as convincing proofs.

Scientific Attitude
Intellectual honesty -gives a truthful report of observations. - He does not withhold important information just to please himself or others. .

Scientific Attitude
Humility. - admits that he is not free from commiting errors. - recognizes that there may be better ideas and realizes that there are individuals whom he may have to consult to arrive at correct observations and conclusions. .

Scientific Attitude
Responsibility. -actively participates in a task

 bios - life Logia study of

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BIOLOGY
study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy

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BIOLOGY
study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy

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MAIN BRANCHES

Aerobiology the study of airborne organic particles Agriculture the study of producing crops from the land, with an emphasis on practical applications Anatomy the study of form and function, in plants, animals, and other organisms, or specifically in humans
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MAIN BRANCHES

Arachnology the study of arachnids Astrobiology the study of evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universealso known as exobiology, exopaleontology, and bioastronomy
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 Biochemistry the study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually a focus on the cellular level Bioengineering the study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology Biogeography the study of the distribution of species spatially and temporally
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MAIN BRANCHES

MAIN BRANCHES

Bioinformatics the use of information technology for the study, collection, and storage of genomic and other biological data Biomathematics (or Mathematical biology) the quantitative or mathematical study of biological processes, with an emphasis on modeling
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MAIN BRANCHES

Biomedical Research the study of the human body in health and disease Biomusicology - study of music from a biological point of view. Biophysics the study of biological processes through physics, by applying the theories and methods traditionally used in the physical sciences
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MAIN BRANCHES

Biotechnology studies the manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification and synthetic biology Building Biology the study of the indoor living environment Botany the study of plants
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MAIN BRANCHES

Cell Biology the study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell Conservation Biology the study of the preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife
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MAIN BRANCHES

Cryobiology the study of the effects of lower than normally preferred temperatures on living beings Developmental Biology the study of the processes through which an organism forms, from zygote to full structure Ecology the study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with the non-living elements of their environment
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MAIN BRANCHES

Embryology the study of the development of embryo (from fecundation to birth) Entomology the study of insects Environmental Biology the study of the natural world, as a whole or in a particular area, especially as affected by human activity

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MAIN BRANCHES

Epidemiology a major component of public health research, studying factors affecting the health of populations Epigenetics the study of heritable changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence Ethology the study of animal behavior
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MAIN BRANCHES

Evolutionary Biology the study of the origin and descent of species over time Genetics the study of genes and heredity Hematology ( also known as Haematology ) - the study of blood and blood - forming organs. Herpetology the study of reptiles and amphibians

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MAIN BRANCHES

Histology the study of cells and tissues, a microscopic branch of anatomy Ichthyology the study of fish Integrated Biology the study of whole organisms Limnology the study of inland waters Mammalogy the study of mammals Marine Biology(or Biological oceanography) the study of ocean ecosystems, plants, animals, and other living beings

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 Microbiology the study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions with other living things Mycology the study of fungi Neurobiology the study of the nervous system, including anatomy, physiology and pathology

MAIN BRANCHES

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Oncology the study of cancer processes, including virus Ornithology the study of birds Paleontology the study of fossils and sometimes geographic evidence of prehistoric life Pathobiology or pathology the study of diseases, and the causes, processes, nature, and development of disease Parasitology the study of parasites and parasitism

MAIN BRANCHES

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 Pharmacology the study and practical application of preparation, use, and effects of drugs and synthetic medicines Physiology the study of the functioning of living organisms and the organs and parts of living organisms Phytopathology the study of plant diseases (also called Plant Pathology)

MAIN BRANCHES

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 Characteristics of Living Organism

Figure 1.1

 We recognize life By what living things do

Cellular Organization
All organism consist of one or more cells Cells is the basic unit of life surrounded by membrane that separate it from its surrounding

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Ordered Complexity
Living things are both complex and highly ordered Cells tissues organs organ system

(a)

Order

(b) Evolutionary adaptation (c) Sensitivity

(d) Homeostasis

(e) Energy processing

ure 1.2

(f) Growth and development

(g) Reproduction

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Ordered Complexity
Living things are both complex and highly ordered

(a) Order

(b) Evolutionary adaptation (c) Sensitivity

(d) Homeostasis

(e) Energy processing

ure 1.2

(f) Growth and development

(g) Reproduction

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Sensitivity
All organism responds to stimuli
(a) Order (b) Evolutionary adaptation (

Sensitivity

(d) Regulation

(e) Energy processing

e 1.2

(f) Growth and development

(g) Reproduction

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Growth, development & reproduction

Capable of growing & (b) Evolutionary (b) Evolutionary reproducing adaptation adaptation (a) Order (c) Response to the (c) Response to the Allenvironment possess environment hereditary molecules that are passed to (e) Energy (e) Energy their offspring processing (d) Regulation processing
(f) Growth and development (f) Growth and development (g) Reproduction (g) Reproduction

(a) Order

(d) Regulation

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.2

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Energy Utilization
Requires energy & nutrient to sustain self
(c) Response to the environment

(a) Order

(b) Evolutionary adaptation

(d) Regulation

(e) Energy processing

.2

(f) Growth and development

(g) Reproduction

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Homeostasis
(b) Evolutionary adaptation
(c) Response to the environment

(a) Order

Maintain internal constant conditions that are different from their environment

(d) Regulation

(e) Energy processing

(f) Growth and development

(g) Reproduction

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Adaptation
Interact w/ other organisms and the nonliving environment in ways that influence their survival

(a) Order

(b) Evolutionary adaptation (c) Response to the environment

(d) Regulation

(e) Energy processing

(f) Growth and development

(g) Reproduction

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makes
Some properties of life

(a) Order

(b) Evolutionary adaptation (c) Response to the environment

(d) Regulation

(e) Energy processing

Figure 1.2

(f) Growth and development

(g) Reproduction

 LIVING THINGS

NON LIVING THINGS enti

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 LIVING THINGS

cell
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OBJECTIVES
Learners will know:

Cellular Functions
Specific Objectives:

Identify the main parts and organelles of the cell. Explain cell functions

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Definition of Cell
A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.

Basic Structure of a Cell

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Contain 3 basic cell structures: Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell Membrane

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Nucleus
Directs cell activities Nuclear Membrane Chromosomes Nucleolus

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Nucleus
Directs cell activities Nuclear Membrane Surrounds nucleus - Numerous openings for nuclear traffic Chromosomes Nucleolus

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Nucleus
Directs cell activities Nuclear Membrane Chromosomes Contains genetic information - Composed of DNA Nucleolus

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Nucleus
Directs cell activities Nuclear Membrane Chromosomes Nucleolus Spherical shape - Visible when cell is not dividing - Contains RNA for protein manufacture
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Cytoplasm of a Cell
cytoplasm

Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane Provides a medium for chemical reactions Contains organelles

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Organelles

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Centrioles
Paired cylindrical organelles near nucleus - Composed of nine tubes, each with three tubules - Involved in cellular division 60

Cytoskeleton
Composed of microtubules - Supports cell and provides shape - Aids movement of materials in and out of cells

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Mitochondrion (plural = mitochondria)

Powerhouse of the cell Generate cellular energy (ATP)

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Endoplasmic Reticulum - ER
Network of hollow membrane tubules Connects to nuclear envelope & cell membrane Functions in Synthesis of cell products & Transport

Two kinds of ER ---ROUGH & SMOOTH

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Ribosomes
Each cell contains thousands Make proteins Found on rough endoplasmic reticulum & floating throughout the cell

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Golgi Bodies
Protein 'packaging plant' Move materials within the cell and out of the cell by using vesicles
CIS

TRANS

Transport vesicle
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Golgi Bodies
Look like a stack of pancakes

Modify, sort, & package molecules from ER for storage OR transport out of cell
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Lysosomes
Contains digestive enzymes Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes

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Vacuoles
Fluid filled sacks for storage Small or absent in animal cells Plant cells have a large Central Vacuole No vacuoles in bacterial cells
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Chloroplasts
Contains green chlorophyll Where photosynthesis takes place

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Cell Membrane
Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell Double layer

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html