What are Biological Molecules?

Biological molecules
are found in all living things The four main types are: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

What are Biological Molecules?

Carbon compounds
Organic (living) compounds contain carbon
Inorganic (lifeless) compounds are not based upon carbon

What are Biological Molecules? Carbohydrates

Crucial to cell structure and energy storage Includes the sugars and starches

What are Biological Molecules?

Carbohydrates
Contain C, H, and O in a ratio of 1:2:1 Means literally, carbon-water When the OH- is attached to the carbons in different places, the carbohydrates have slightly different properties

What are Biological Molecules?

Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Have a molecular formula of C6H12O6 Contain 3 to 6 carbon atoms
Ex. Glucose and fructose

What are Biological Molecules?

Disaccharides
Two simple sugars bonded together
Ex. 1 glucose + 1 fructose equals sucrose (table sugar)

What are Biological Molecules?

Polysaccharides
Made of long chains of simple sugar subunits Cellulose give rigidity to plants Starch energy reserve in plants Glycogen storage molecule in animals Chitin give rigidity to insects

What are Biological Molecules?

Proteins
1. Form structural parts of cells 2. Control cell processes 3. Act as messengers

What are Biological Molecules? Proteins

4. Can carry substances around the body 5. Can protect you from disease 6. Speed up reactions 7. Act as receptors (receptors on HIV)

What are Biological Molecules? Protein structure

The shape of a protein determines its function Alpha-helix regions Pleated sheets regions Disordered loops regions

Matrix protein Disordered loop Pleated sheet HIV

Alpha helix

What are Biological Molecules?

Amino acids
Form chains called polypeptides There are 20 amino acids, each with slightly different functions The exact sequence of amino acids determines which protein is made

What are Biological Molecules?

Lipids
Do not dissolve in water Can be energy storage molecules in plants and animals
Fats solid storage molecules Waxes semisolid lipids Steroids vitamins, hormones, and cholesterol

What are Biological Molecules?

Nucleic acids and nucleotides
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Carry the chemical code of life RNA carries the information to make new viral particles

What is a Living Cell? Discovery of cells

Robert Hooke observed the cells inside a piece of cork with a very primitive microscope

What is a Living Cell?

Cell theory
1. All living things are made up of one or more cells 2. Cells are the basic living units within organisms, and the chemical reactions of life take place within cells 3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells

What is a Living Cell?

Eukaryotic cell
DNA is enclosed in a nucleus and associated with proteins Contains membrane-bound organelles
Ex. humans, animals, and plants

Eukaryotic Cell Animal Cell

Nuclear envelope Mitochondrion Nucleolus Nucleus Cytoskeleton Ribosome Rough endoplasmic reticulum Lysoysome Cytoplasm Nuclear pore Centriole

Smooth endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Plasma membrane

Membrane proteins

Eukaryotic Cell Plant Cell

Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Nuclear pore Nucleus Ribosome

Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Lysosome

Cytoplasm

Vacuole

Mitochondrion

Chloroplast
Plasmodesmata Plasma Cell wall membrane

What is a Living Cell?

Prokaryotic cells
DNA is loose in the cell Generally have no internal membranous organelles Evolved earlier than Eukaryotic cells
Ex. eubacteria and archaebacteria

What is a Living Cell?

(a) HIV (b) Prokaryotic cell (c) Eukaryotic cell

Cell wall Genetic material Plasma membrane Cytoplasm

Nucleus
HIV size relative to micrograph of prokaryotic cell at right

Prokaryotic cell size relative to micrograph of eukaryotic cell at right

3 Main Region of the Cell

Nucleus Cytoplasm Plasma Membran
Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion

What Are the Parts of the Cell?

Other terms relating to the passage of substances across the plasma membrane:
Active Transport energy is required Phagocytosis a cell engulfs debris Endocytosis the cell membrane invaginates and takes in a substance Exocytosis vessicles merge with the plasma membrane to expel substances

What are the Parts of the Cell?

Nucleus
Contains genetic material Controls most of the cells activities Information flows as follows:
DNA RNA Protein

Nuclear Membrane
Nucleus Is bound by double membrane barrier

NUCLEOPLASM
Encloses a jelly like fluid/ fluid portion of the nucleus.

NUCLEOLI
Nucleus contains one or more small dark staining essentially round bodies

What are the Parts of the Cell

Ribosomes
Proteins are synthesized here

Endoplasmic reticulum
Rough Smooth

Endoplasmic Reticulum
1. RNA joins ribosome 2. Synthesis of HIV envelope proteins 3. Proteins enter transport vesicles

What are the Parts of the Cell?

Golgi apparatus
Can modify the newly made protein Directs the finished protein to different parts of the cell to perform various activities

Smooth ER
Makes and detoxifies substances that can dissolve in lipids Makes several types of lipids

Golgi Apparatus
4. 5. Vesicles fuse with Golgi apparatus Golgi adds Carbohydrates to Proteins Vesicles fuse with plasma membrane

6.

7.

HIV envelopes proteins on cell surface

What are the Parts of the Cell?

Lysosomes
A bag of digestive enzymes

Cytoskeleton
A three-dimensional structure of protein fibers forming a lattice in the cytoplasm, suspending the organelles and allowing the cell parts to move

What are the Parts of the Cell?

Centrioles
Help to organize the cytoskeleton They also guide the separation and movement of chromosomes

Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell Provides fuels for all the cells function

 Flagellum

What are the Parts of the Cell?

Tail-like apparatus Helps to push and pull cell through cytoplasm

Cilia
Hair-like projections that help the cell to swim Cilia in your breathing passages push mucus and dust up to your mouth and nose

What Are the Parts of a Cell?

Intercellular junctions
Ways that animal cells attach to each other Many attach fibrous proteins or an extracellular matrix that surround the cell and glue it to adjacent cells Ex. tight junctions, adhering junctions, and communicating junctions

Junctions Between Cells

Tight Junctions
Adhering Junctions Communicating Junctions

What are the Parts of the Cell?

Organelles in plants
Plastids function in food production and storage Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs that maintain cell shape Cell walls surround plant cells Plasmodesmata are junctions between plant cells