Open your eyes, look within. Are you satisfied with the life you're living?

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Vision Tests

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Vision Tests
Vision tests check many different functions of the eye.
measure your ability to see details at near and far distances, check for gaps or defects in your field of vision, and evaluate your ability to see different colors.

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THE TESTS

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Visual acuity tests

most common tests. measure the eye's ability to see details at near and far distances. usually involve reading letters or looking at symbols of different sizes on an eye chart usually, each eye is tested by itself. And then both eyes may be tested together, with and without corrective lenses.

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Why It Is Done?
Visual acuity tests may be done:
As part of a routine eye exam to screen for vision problems. How often you should have routine eye exams changes as you age. To monitor an eye problem, such as diabetic retinopathy. To determine if you need glasses or contact lenses to improve your vision. After an injury to the eye. When you obtain or renew your driver's license or for some types of employment.

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Visual Acuity Charts

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Snellen Chart
checks your ability to see at distances. uses a wall chart that has several rows of letters. The letters on the top row are the largest; those on the bottom row are the smallest.

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Snellen Chart Testing

You will stand or sit 20 ft (6 m) from the chart and be asked to cover one eye and then read the smallest row of letters you can see on the chart. If you are unable to cover your eye, an eye patch will be placed over your eye. Each eye is tested separately. You may be given a different chart or asked to read a row backward to make sure that you did not memorize the sequence of letters from the previous test.

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Snellen Chart Testing

If you wear glasses or contacts, you may be asked to repeat the test on each eye while wearing them. Let your health professional know if you have trouble reading the letters on one side of the row, or if some letters disappear while you are looking at other letters. You may have a visual field problem, and visual field tests may be needed
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Typical Snellen Chart

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Pediatric Snellen Chart

*Variant
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Pediatric Snellen Chart

*Variant

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E Chart
tests the vision of children and people who cannot read. similar to the Snellen chart in that there are several rows, but all of the rows contain only the letter E in different positions. The top row is the largest and the bottom row of Es is the smallest. You will be asked to point in the same direction as the lines of the E.
*Similar charts use the letter C or pictures. These charts are also available in a handheld card.

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E Chart C Chart
(variant)

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Visual Acuity: Results

The visual acuity score compares your distance vision with that of people who have normal vision, using an eye chart. Each eye's score is expressed as two numbers, such as 20/20 (6/6) or

20/100 (6/30).

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Visual Acuity: Results

The first number is the distance you stand from the chart, usually 20 ft (6 m) when using a typical wall chart. The second number is the distance from which people with normal eyesight can read the same

line on the eye chart.

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Visual Acuity: Results

20/20 (6/6) vision is

considered normal. A
person with 20/20 vision can see at 20 ft (6 m) what people with normal vision can see at

this distance.

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Visual Acuity: Results

(continuation)

When the second number is smaller than the first number, the person's vision is better than normal. For instance, a person with 20/10 (6/3) vision can see from 20 ft (6 m) what people with normal vision can see from 10 ft (3 m). When the second number is larger than the first number, the person's distance vision is worse than normal. A person with 20/200 (6/60) vision or less in his or her best eye when wearing corrective lenses is considered legally blind.

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Visual Acuity: Note

If you cannot read any of the letters or print on these charts because of poor vision, your visual acuity will be tested by other techniques, such as counting fingers, detecting hand movements, or distinguishing the direction or perception of light sources (such as room light or a penlight held up close to the face). Visual acuity tests usually take about 5 to 10 minutes. They may be performed by a nurse, a medical assistant, an ophthalmologist, an optometrist, a teacher, or some other trained person. Testing may be done at a doctor's office, school, workplace, health fair, or elsewhere.
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Near test
uses a small card (Jaeger chart) containing a few short lines or paragraphs of printed text to test your near vision. The size of the print gradually gets smaller. You will be asked to hold the card about14 in. (36 cm) from your face and read aloud the paragraph containing the smallest print you can comfortably read. Both eyes are tested together, with and without corrective lenses. This test is routinely done after age 40, because near vision tends to decline as you age (presbyopia).

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Jaeger Chart

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*Prank sample :)

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Visual Acuity: Results-Near Test

For near vision, 14/14 (35/35) is normal, with 14 in. (36 cm) being the normal distance for reading. If the second number is greater than 14 (14/20, for example, or 35/50), it means that you have reduced near vision. You have to be 14 in. (36 cm) away to read print that people with normal near vision can read from 20 in. (51 cm). Visual acuity tests usually take about 5 to 10 minutes.
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Visual Acuity: Results-Near Test

(continuation)

A Jaeger (J) number is another way to rate your near vision. The J number relates to the size of text you could read on the Jaeger chart. The J number goes up as the print size of the text you read goes up. The higher the J number, the worse your near vision. The

number can range from J1 to J16.

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Visual Acuity: Results-Near Test

(continuation

For example: J1 means that you could read the smallest text on the chart and that you have 20/15 vision. J2 means the line of text you were able to read had larger print than J1, and your vision is 20/20. J3 means the line of text you were able to read had larger print than J1 and J2, and your vision is 20/40. presented by:

Refraction
Refraction is a test that measures the eye's need for a corrective lens (refractive error). For this test, you will be asked to describe the effects of looking at an eye chart through various corrective lenses. Your health professional may use eyedrops to widen (dilate) your pupils before you start this test. The eyedrops take about 15 to 20 minutes to dilate the pupil fully.

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Refraction

(continuation)

Using a retinoscope, your health professional may shine light into your eyes. A series of trial lenses will be placed in front of your eyes and adjusted until the light rays are properly focused on your retina. Testing one eye at a time, the health professional will ask you to compare the effects of two lenses (first one lens, then the other). You should state which lens of each pair gives you better vision. The health professional will continue to test your eyes with different lenses until it is determined which lenses correct your vision the best.
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Refraction: Process

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Refraction: Normal Results

If your uncorrected vision (without glasses or contact lenses) is normal, then the refractive error is zero (plano) and your vision should be 20/20. A value of 20/20 is normal vision. This means you can read 3/8-inch letters at 20 feet. A small type size is also used to determine normal near vision.

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Refraction : Abnormal Results

You have a refractive error if you need a combination of lenses to see 20/20. Glasses or contact lenses should give you good vision. If you have a refractive error, you have a "prescription." Your prescription is a series of numbers that describe the powers of the lenses needed to make you see clearly. If your final vision is less than 20/20, even with lenses, then there is probably another, non-optical problem with your eye.
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Refraction : Abnormal Results

(continuation)

The vision level you achieve during the refraction test is called the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Abnormal results may be due to:
Astigmatism Hyperopia (farsightedness) Myopia (nearsightedness) Presbyopia (inability to focus on near objects that develops with age) Other conditions under which the test may be performed:

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Visual Field
Visual field tests are used to check for gaps in your range of vision. They can help detect eye diseases or nervous system problems that limit your ability to see objects clearly in the entire visual field or in one part of it. Several tests are commonly done to evaluate a person's visual field.

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Visual Field Tests

Confrontation Test Perimetry Testing

Amsler Grid Test

Tangent Screen Test

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Confrontation Test
Your health professional will sit or stand 2 ft (0.6 m) to 3 ft (1 m) in front of you. You cover one eye while fixing your gaze on his or her nose. He or she slowly moves a finger or hand from the outer edge of your visual field toward the center and from the center toward the edge through all areas of your visual field. You will focus your eye on your health professional's nose and signal when you first see his or her finger or hand. The test is then repeated for the other eye.

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Confrontation Test

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Amsler Grid Test

checks for macular degeneration, a disease that causes loss of vision in the center of your visual field. The test uses a 4 in. (10 cm) square chart with straight lines that form boxes. The grid has a black dot at the center. The chart is held about 14 in. (36 cm) from your face. You will cover one eye while focusing your other eye on the black dot. The test is then repeated on the other eye. Tell your health professional if:
You cannot see the black dot. You see a blank or dark spot (other than the center dot). The lines in the grid look wavy, blurred, or curved instead of straight. You will be asked to point to the specific abnormal area of the grid.

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Amsler Grid

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Amsler Grid: Abnormal Views

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Amsler Grid: Age-Related Macular Degenaration

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Abnormal results during Amsler grid testing

Not being able to see the black dot at the center of the grid. Not being able to see all four edges of the grid. Having blank spots or dark spots on the grid (other than the black dot at the center). Seeing lines that look wavy or curved. Gaps in different parts of the visual field may have many causes, including eye diseases (such as glaucoma and macular degeneration) or nervous system problems (such as stroke). If results on any of the visual field tests are abnormal, you will need further tests to determine the cause.

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Perimetry Testing

uses a machine that flashes lights randomly at various points in the visual field. You look inside a bowl-shaped instrument called a perimeter. While you stare at the center, lights will flash, and you press a button each time you see a flash.

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 A computer records the location of each flash and whether you pressed the button when the light flashed in that location. At the end of the test, a printout shows any areas of your visual field where you did not see the flashes of light. In an alternative manual perimetry test, your health professional moves a light target and notes your visual field on paper
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Perimetry Test

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Tangent Screen Test

The uses a black screen with concentric circles and lines leading out from a center point (like a bull's-eye). Sitting 3 ft (1 m) to 6 ft (2 m) away from the screen, you cover one eye while fixing your gaze on a target point marked on the screen. Test objects of various sizes at the tip of a wand are then moved inward from the outer edge of the screen toward the center. You will signal when you can see the object, and that point is then marked on the screen.

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Tangent Screen Test

The points on the screen where you see the objects are connected to provide an outline of your visual field. The test is then repeated for the other eye. An alternative manual tangent screen test uses a white object against a black background. If you wear glasses, you will keep them on for this test.

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Tangent Screen

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Tangent Screen

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Visual Field Test: Results

Normally, a person's visual field forms a rough circle with a natural blind spot. If your vision is normal, you should be able to see objects clearly throughout the entire visual field except for the area with the natural blind spot. When you are using both eyes to see, the blind spots do not interfere with your vision.

You may have vision loss in certain areas of the visual field if you are not able to see: Test objects during tangent screen testing. Movements or light flashes during perimetry testing.

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Color Vision Tests

check your ability to distinguish colors. In the most commonly used color vision test, you look for different colored numbers or symbols hidden in varying backgrounds of colored dots.

First, you are shown sample patterns and told what symbols and numbers you can expect to see. You then sit at a table and cover one eye. The health professional holds the color test patterns about 14 in. (36 cm) away from you. Some patterns are harder to pick out than others. As the health professional holds up a pattern, you will identify the number or symbol you see and trace it using a pointer. Some patterns may not have a number or symbol. The test is then repeated with the other eye.

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74

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zoo

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0328

Color Vision Test

People who have normal color vision are able to distinguish the colored numbers, symbols, or paths from the background of colored dots. If you are not able to distinguish some or all of the colored patterns from the background, you may have a color vision problem. You may be able to pick out some patterns of colors but not others, or you may be able to pick out patterns that are different from a person with normal vision, depending on what type of color vision problem you have.

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Rest your eyes.

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Eye Diseases

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Eye Diseases
Eyes are one of the senses that has an important function. When the sick senses of sight, then your activity will be disrupted. Eye diseases can be caused by several factors such as dust, viruses, or bacteria. Eye disease is usually caused by viruses and bacteria can easily spread. To avoid the spread of sore eyes should identify a variety of eye pain, either infectious or noninfectious following:
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Conjunctivitis
also known as pinkeye is an inflammation of the conjunctiva. The conjunctiva is the thin clear tissue that lies over the white part of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelid

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What Causes Pinkeye?

Pinkeye has a number of different causes, including: Viruses Bacteria (such as gonorrhea or chlamydia) Irritants such as shampoos, dirt, smoke, and pool chlorine Allergies, like dust, pollen, or a special type of allergy that affects some contact lens wearers Pinkeye caused by some bacteria and viruses can spread easily from person to person, but is not a serious health risk if diagnosed promptly. Pinkeye in newborn babies, however, should be reported to a doctor immediately.

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What Are the Symptoms of Pinkeye?

The symptoms of pinkeye differ based on the cause of the inflammation, but may include: Redness in the white of the eye or inner eyelid Increased amount of tears Thick yellow discharge that crusts over the eyelashes, especially after sleep Green or white discharge from the eye Itchy eyes Burning eyes Blurred vision Increased sensitivity to light
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 See your eye doctor if you have any of these symptoms of pinkeye. Your eye doctor will conduct an exam of your eyes and may use a cotton swab to take a sample of fluid from the eyelid to be analyzed in a lab. Bacteria or viruses that may have caused conjunctivitis, including those that can cause a sexually transmitted disease or STD, can then be identified and proper treatment prescribed.
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How Is P i n k e y e Treated?

The treatment for pinkeye depends on the cause.

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How Is Pinkeye Treated?

Bacteria. Pinkeye caused by bacteria, including those related to STDs, is treated with antibiotics, in the form of eye drops, ointments, or pills. Eye drops or ointments may need to be applied to the inside of the eyelid three to four times a day for five to seven days. Pills may need to be taken for several days. The infection should improve within a week. Take or use the drugs as instructed by your doctor, even if the symptoms go away.
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How Is Pinkeye Treated?

Viruses. This type of pinkeye often results from the viruses that cause a common cold. Just as a cold must run its course, so must this form of pinkeye, which usually lasts from four to seven days. Viral conjunctivitis can be highly contagious. Avoid contact with others and wash your hands frequently.
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How Is Pinkeye Treated?

Irritants. For pinkeye caused by an irritating substance, use water to wash the substance from the eye for five minutes. Your eyes should begin to improve within four hours. If the conjunctivitis is caused by acid or alkaline material such as bleach, immediately rinse the eyes with lots of water and call your doctor immediately.
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How Is Pinkeye Treated?

Allergies. Allergy-associated conjunctivitis should improve once the allergy is treated and the allergen removed. See your doctor if you have conjunctivitis that is linked to an allergy.

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What Can I Do to Relieve Symptoms of Pinkeye?

Protect your eyes from dirt and other irritating substances. Avoid the use of makeup. Remove contact lenses, if you wear them. Non-prescription "artificial tears," a type of eye drops, may help relieve itching and burning from the irritating substances causing your pinkeye. However, other types of eye drops may irritate the eyes and should not be used, including those promoted to treat eye redness. Note: Do not use the same bottle of drops in an uninfected eye.

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How Can I Prevent Spreading Pinkeye?

Don't touch or rub the infected eye(s). Wash your hands often with soap and warm water. Wash any discharge from your eyes several times a day using a fresh cotton ball or paper towel. Afterwards, discard the cotton ball or paper towel and wash your hands with soap and warm water. Wash your bed linens, pillowcases, and towels in hot water and detergent.
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What Are the Complications of Pinkeye?

Usually, pinkeye is a self-limited disease, either clearing up on its own or after a course of antibiotics. However, certain forms of conjunctivitis can become serious and sightthreatening. They include conjunctivitis caused by gonorrhea, chlamydia, or certain strains of the adeno virus.

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How Can I Avoid Getting Pinkeye?

Viral pinkeye is highly contagious. However, maintaining proper hygiene such as frequent hand washing should minimize transmission. Avoid touching your face since the virus can enter the eyes, nose, and mouth. With regards to allergic conjunctivitis, avoiding allergens and taking proper care of your contact lenses can help reduce your risk. If someone in your household has pinkeye, be sure to wash hands often and thoroughly. Avoid sharing washcloths, towels, pillowcases, mascara, or eyeliner with the person.

*Eye drops are commonly given to treat conjunctivitis. presented by:

Trachoma
Trachoma (also called granular conjunctivitis or Egyptian ophthalmia) is a prolonged infection of the conjunctiva caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. Chlamydia trachomatis can infect the eye, usually in children who live in lesser-developed, hot, dry countries. Eye redness, watering, irritation, and, if severe, scarring and loss of vision may develop. Antibiotics are usually effective.
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Trachoma
results from infections with certain nonsexually transmitted strains of Chlamydia trachomatis. Trachoma is common in dry, hot countries in North Africa, the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, Australia, and Southeast Asia.

Trachoma is the leading preventable cause of blindness in the world.

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Trachoma
contagious in its early stages and may be transmitted by eye-hand contact, by flies, or by sharing contaminated articles, such as towels, handkerchiefs, and eye makeup.
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Symptoms
Trachoma usually affects both eyes. The conjunctivae (the membranes that line the eyelid and cover the white of the eye) become inflamed, red, and irritated, and the eyes water excessively. The eyelids swell. Sensitivity to bright light occurs.

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Trachoma

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Trachoma
In the later stages, blood vessels may gradually grow across the cornea (neovascularization), obstructing vision. In some people, the eyelid is scarred in such a way that the eyelashes turn inward (trichiasis).

As the person blinks, the eyelashes rub against the cornea, causing infection and often permanent damage. Impaired vision or blindness occurs in about 5% of people with people with trachoma.

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Diagnosis
Doctors suspect trachoma based on the appearance of the eyes and on the duration of symptoms. The diagnosis can be confirmed by sending a sample from the eye to a laboratory, where the infecting organism is identified.

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Prevention
Because the disease is contagious, reinfection commonly occurs. Access to water that is suitable for drinking (potable) can reduce reinfection. Regular hand and face washing helps prevent spread. Sharing towels, washcloths, bedding, and eye makeup should be avoided. Because flies can transfer the disease among people, places where flies can breed should be eliminated.
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 consists of an antibiotic (such as azithromycin, doxycycline, or tetracycline) taken by mouth. Alternatively, tetracycline or erythromycin can be applied as an ointment. Doctors often give antibiotics to entire neighborhoods where there are many people with trachoma. If the condition damages the eyelid, conjunctiva, or cornea, surgery may be needed.
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Treatment

Diabetic Retinopathy
What is diabetic eye disease? Diabetic eye disease refers to a group of eye problems that people with diabetes may face as a complication of diabetes. All can cause severe vision loss or even blindness. Diabetic eye disease may include: Diabetic retinopathydamage to the blood vessels in the retina. Cataractclouding of the eye's lens. Cataracts develop at an earlier age in people with diabetes. Glaucomaincrease in fluid pressure inside the eye that leads to optic nerve damage and loss of vision. A person with diabetes is nearly twice as likely to get glaucoma as presented by: other adults.

What are the stages of diabetic retinopathy?

1) Mild Nonproliferative Retinopathy. At this earliest stage, microaneurysms occur. They are small areas of balloonlike swelling in the retina's tiny blood vessels. 2) Moderate Nonproliferative Retinopathy. As the disease progresses, some blood vessels that nourish the retina are blocked. 3) Severe Nonproliferative Retinopathy. Many more blood vessels are blocked, depriving several areas of the retina with their blood supply. These areas of the retina send signals to the body to grow new blood vessels for nourishment.

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How is diabetic retinopathy treated?

During the first three stages of diabetic retinopathy, no treatment is needed, unless you have macular edema. To prevent progression of diabetic retinopathy, people with diabetes should control their levels of blood sugar, blood pressure, and blood cholesterol.
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How is diabetic retinopathy treated?

Proliferative retinopathy is treated with laser surgery. This procedure is called scatter laser treatment. Scatter laser treatment helps to shrink the abnormal blood vessels. Although you may notice some loss of your side vision, scatter laser treatment can save the rest of your sight. Scatter laser treatment may slightly reduce your color vision and night vision.

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Macular Degeneration
Or Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a painless eye condition that leads to the gradual loss of central vision. Central vision is used to see what is directly in front of you, during activities such as reading or watching television for example. The central vision gradually blurs leading to symptoms including:
difficulty reading printed or written text (because it appears blurry) colours appear less vibrant difficulty recognising people's faces

usually affects both eyes, development can vary from eye to eye.
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Types of age-related macular degeneration

There are two main types of AMD:
Dry AMD and Wet AMD

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Dry AMD
develops when the cells of the macula become damaged due to lack of nutrients and a build-up of waste products called drusens. It is the most common and least serious type of AMD accounting for around 9 out of 10 cases. The loss of vision is gradual, occurring over many years. However, an estimated 1 in 10 people with dry AMD will then go on to develop wet AMD.
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Wet AMD
develops when abnormal blood vessels form underneath the macula and damage its cells (doctors sometimes refer to wet AMD as neovascular AMD). more serious and without treatment, vision can deteriorate within days

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Treatment
currently no cure for dry AMD treatment is mostly based on helping a person make the most of their remaining vision, such as using magnifying lenses to help make reading easier. There is also limited evidence that eating a diet high in leafy green vegetables and fresh fruit can slow the progression of dry AMD.

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 Wet MD can be treated with a medication called ranibizumab, which helps prevent further blood vessels developing. cases laser surgery can also be used to destroy abnormal blood vessels. Treatment for wet AMD does not always lead to improved vision, but can prevent vision from worsening. The sooner treatment is started the greater the chance of success.
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Thank you!

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Here is my secret. It is very simple: It is only with the heart that one can see rightly; what is essential is invisible to the eye.

The Fox, from The Little Prince Antoine de Saint-Exupry

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Works Consulted
Chernecky CC, Berger BJ (2008). Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures, 5th ed. St. Louis: Saunders. Fischbach FT, Dunning MB III, eds. (2009). Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests, 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

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