AERODYNAMICS

What is Aerodynamics
Aerodynamics concerns with dynamics of

motion of air and is the sub branch of fluid dynamic

In 1505, Leonardo de Vinci gave initial ideas and

theories about aerodynamics in his work Codex on the Flight of Birds

Aerodynamics is not only used in Aerospace

industry but also is widely in use in automobile industry and civil engineering

 Other fields involving

Aerodynamics

Fluid Dynamics
How to define fluid?

Any matter capable of flowing and either finding its own level or filing the whole of its container
It is a substance that deform continuously under

the action of shearing forces so there can be no shear stress in the fluid if there is no relative motion
Fluid can be either liquid or gas, only deference

being that gas has no definite volume.

Pressure
Pressure (p) of the atmosphere at any level is

defined as the weight of the overlying column of air per unit area of the surface at that level mean sea level (msl), the atmospheric pressure at 0C equivalence in other systems of units is 1 Atmosphere = 1.013106 dynes cm2 = 1013 millibars = 1.013105 Pascals As air becomes less dense it reduces power due to less engine air intake.

Temperature
In any matter the molecules are always in motion

relative to each other

Due to the motion these molecules posses kinetic

energy
This energy is sensed as temperature in solid,

liquid or gas
Its unit of measurement is Kelvin or C0

Density
Its the amount of material contained in a given

volume.
Density= Mass/Volume (kgm-3) Density of dry air is 1.225 kgm-3

Viscous and Non viscous flow

Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid

which is being deformed

All real fluids have some resistance but a fluid

which has no resistance to shear stress is known as an ideal fluid or inviscid fluid.

 Shear stress can be described as product of

viscosity times shear stress velocity gradient. Velocity gradient can be described as difference in velocity between adjacent layers of the fluid.

Aeronautical Definitions
Wing span is the distance

between extreme wingtips

If divided into two half , one

half can be described as semi-span b= 2s

Chord refers to the imaginary straight line joining the trailing edge and the center of curvature of the leading edge of the cross-section of an airfoil

Dihedral angel
Dihedral angle is the

upward angle from horizontal of the wings or tailplane of a fixed-wing aircraft

Anhedral angle is the name

given to negative dihedral angle, that is, when there is a downward angle from horizontal of the wing

 Angle of Incidence

Angle of incidence is the angle between the chord line of the wing where the wing is mounted to the fuselage and the longitudinal axis of the fuselage

Wash out

When angle of incidence is higher at the wing roots and decreases across the span, becoming lowest at the wing tip and the opposite is referred as Wash in

Aerofoil Geometry

A cross section of an aileron, wing, or rotor blade The depth increases smoothly to maximum which

occur almost way along the profile Camber refers to the curvature characteristic of most airfoil

Aerodynamic Forces
Bernoulli's principle states that for an inviscid

flow, an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure As the result the aeroplane experience the resultant aerodynamic force Lift Component of force acting upward perpendicular to the direction of flight

Drag
Forces that oppose the relative motion of an

object through a fluid

Types of Drag

Parasite Drag (Skin Friction Drag) 2. Induced Drag 3. Trailing Vortex Drag 4. Wave Drag
1.

 Induced Drag

Lift-induced drag, induced drag, vortex drag, or sometimes drag due to lift, is a drag force that occurs whenever a moving object redirects the airflow coming at it
Parasite Drag(Skin Friction Drag)

Parasitic drag is drag caused by moving a solid object through a fluid medium
Parasitic drag is made up of many components. Skin

friction and interference drag major components of parasitic drag.

Vortex
A vortex is a spinning,

often turbulent, flow of fluid

The Wake
A wake is the region

of recirculating flow immediately behind a moving solid body, caused by the flow of surrounding fluid around the body.

Reynolds Number
To calculate the theoretical solution of flow around

the body numerous experiments have been conducted to measure the parameters that describes the flow field.
But usually tests were not equal to the flight

conditions
Then it became important to understand that under

what conditions results from experiment obtained from one flow are applicable for other flow.

 Reynolds number can be defined as ratio of

inertia forces to viscous forces

 So where is the practical application of Reynolds

number?
If aircraft wing needs testing one can make scale

down model and test it using same Reynolds number which it is subjected to in flight.

Boundary Layer
Boundary layer is that layer of fluid in the

immediate vicinity of a bounding surface where effects of viscosity of the fluid are considered in detail