BIOLOGY

CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS Fourth Edition

Neil A. Campbell Jane B. Reece Lawrence G. Mitchell Martha R. Taylor

CHAPTER 8 The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance

Modules 8.4 8.11
From PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

THE EUKARYOTIC CELL CYCLE AND MITOSIS 8.4 The large, complex chromosomes of eukaryotes duplicate with each cell division A eukaryotic cell has many more genes than a prokaryotic cell
The genes are grouped into multiple chromosomes, found in the nucleus

The chromosomes of this plant cell are stained dark purple Figure 8.4A
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 Chromosomes contain a very long DNA molecule with thousands of genes

Individual chromosomes are only visible during cell division

They are packaged as chromatin

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 Before a cell starts dividing, the chromosomes are duplicated

This process produces sister chromatids

Sister chromatids

Centromere

Figure 8.4B
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 When the cell divides, the sister chromatids separate

Two daughter cells are produced
Each has a complete and identical set of chromosomes
Centromere Chromosome duplication

Sister chromatids

Chromosome distribution to daughter cells

Figure 8.4C
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8.5 The cell cycle multiplies cells The cell cycle consists of two major phases:
Interphase, where chromosomes duplicate and cell parts are made The mitotic phase, when cell division occurs

Figure 8.5
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8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes Eukaryotic cell division consists of two stages:
Mitosis Cytokinesis

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 In mitosis, the duplicated chromosomes are distributed into two daughter nuclei
After the chromosomes coil up, a mitotic spindle moves them to the middle of the cell

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INTERPHASE Centrosomes (with centriole pairs) Chromatin Early mitotic spindle

PROPHASE Centrosome Fragments of nuclear envelope Kinetochore

Nucleolus Nuclear envelope

Figure 8.6

Plasma membrane

Chromosome, consisting of two sister chromatids

Centrosome

Spindle microtubules

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 The sister chromatids then separate and move to opposite poles of the cell
The process of cytokinesis divides the cell into two genetically identical cells

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METAPHASE Metaphase plate

ANAPHASE

TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESIS Cleavage furrow Nucleolus forming

Spindle
Figure 8.6 (continued)

Daughter chromosomes

Nuclear envelope forming

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8.7 Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal cells In animals, cytokinesis occurs by cleavage
This process pinches the cell apart
Cleavage furrow

Cleavage furrow

Contracting ring of microfilaments

Figure 8.7A
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Daughter cells

 In plants, a membranous cell plate splits the cell in two

Cell plate forming

Wall of parent cell

Daughter nucleus

Cell wall

New cell wall

Figure 8.7B
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Vesicles containing cell wall material

Cell plate

Daughter cells

8.8 Anchorage, cell density, and chemical growth factors affect cell division Most animal cells divide only when stimulated, and others not at all In laboratory cultures, most normal cells divide only when attached to a surface
They are anchorage dependent

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 Cells continue dividing until they touch one another

This is called density-dependent inhibition
Cells anchor to dish surface and divide.

When cells have formed a complete single layer, they stop dividing (density-dependent inhibition).

If some cells are scraped away, the remaining cells divide to fill the dish with a single layer and then stop (density-dependent inhibition).
Figure 8.8A
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 Growth factors are proteins secreted by cells that stimulate other cells to divide

After forming a single layer, cells have stopped dividing.

Providing an additional supply of growth factors stimulates further cell division.

Figure 8.8B
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8.9 Growth factors signal the cell cycle control system Proteins within the cell control the cell cycle
Signals affecting critical checkpoints determine whether the cell will go through a complete cycle and divide
G1 checkpoint

Control system

M checkpoint

G2 checkpoint

Figure 8.9A

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 The binding of growth factors to specific receptors on the plasma membrane is usually necessary for cell division
Growth factor Plasma membrane

Receptor protein Signal transduction pathway

Relay proteins

G1 checkpoint

Cell cycle control system

Figure 8.8B
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8.10 Connection: Growing out of control, cancer cells produce malignant tumors Cancer cells have abnormal cell cycles
They divide excessively and can form abnormal masses called tumors

Radiation and chemotherapy are effective as cancer treatments because they interfere with cell division

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 Malignant tumors can invade other tissues and may kill the organism

Lymph vessels Tumor

Glandular tissue Metastasis 1 A tumor grows from a single cancer cell. 2 Cancer cells invade neighboring tissue. 3 Cancer cells spread through lymph and blood vessels to other parts of the body.

Figure 8.10
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8.11 Review of the functions of mitosis: Growth, cell replacement, and asexual reproduction When the cell cycle operates normally, mitotic cell division functions in:
Growth (seen here in an onion root)

Figure 8.11A
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 Cell replacement (seen here in skin)

Dead cells

Epidermis, the outer layer of the skin

Dividing cells Dermis

Figure 8.11B
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 Asexual reproduction (seen here in a hydra)

Figure 8.11C
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings