CHAPTER9 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

Group Members SITI NURDINIE SARAH NABILAH AMINUDDIN

9.5: Applying the uses of glass and ceramics

Glass

made from sand The major component: silica, SiO2.

Property of glass

Uses

Examples

Inert

Household materials

Lamp, bottles, glasses, plates, bowls and kitchen wares

Mirrors and window glass Bulbs, glass tubes for radios, radar and television Lens, burette, beakers, test-tubes and prisms

Transparent

Building materials Industrial materials

Inert and easily cleaned

Scientific apparatus

TYPE OF GLASS
There are so many types of glass, fused glass is the simplest one which is mainly silica, SiO2

Name of glass
Fused glass

Properties

Example of uses

Soda lime glass

-Very high softening point (1700 Telescope mirrors, lenses, optical degree celcius) fibres and laboratory glass wares -Transparent to ultraviolet and infrared light -difficult to be made into different shape -does not crack when temperature changes (very low thermal expansion coefficient) -very resistant to chemical reactions Low softening point (700 degree Bottles, window-panes, light bulbs, celcius) hence does not withstand mirrors, flat glass, glass-plates and heating bowls. (The most widely used type -breaks easily of glass) -cracks easily with sudden temperature changes (high thermal coefficient of expansion) -less resistant to chemical reactions -easy to make into different shapes

Borosilicate glass

Lead glass

-Quite high softening point Laboratory apparatus, cooking (800 degree celcius). Thus utensils, electrical-tubes and it is high-resistant glass pipelines -does not crack easily with sudden change in temperature -transparent to ultraviolet light -more resistant to chemical reactions -does not break easily Low softening point (600 Decorative items,crystal glassdegree celcius) waees lens, prisms and -high density chandeliers. -high refractive index -reflects light rays and appears sparkling

CERAMICS

CERAMICS
Made from clay. Ex : Kaolin ( Aluminiumsilicate, Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O ) When the clay is heated to a very high temperature, they undergo a series of chemical reactions and are hardened permanently to form ceramic.

Ex : clay pots, bricks, tiles and mugs.

PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS
Very hard and strong but brittle Inert to chemical reactions Has a very high melting point Good electrical and heat insulator Able to withstand compression

Property of ceramic
Hard and strong Attractive in appearance, long lasting and noncorrosive Electrical insulators

Uses
Building materials Materials for decorative items To make insulating part, in electrical apparatus Household materials Heat insulating layers In surgical and dental apparatus As microchips

Examples
Bricks, tiles and cement Porcelain and vases

Chemically inert and noncorrosive Heat insulators Inert, hard and resist compression Semiconductor types of ceramics

Insulators in toasters and irons, spark plugs in car engines Plates, bowls and cooking utensils Lining of furnace Artificial hands, legs and teeth To make microchips in computers, radios and television

DIFFERENCES IN PROPERTIES BETWEEN GLASS AND CERAMICS

GLASS
Highly Transparent Can be melted and remoulded Lower melting point Optical Transparency Moulding Melting point

CERAMICS
Opaque Cannot be melted and remoulded Very high melting point

9.7 Appreciating various synthetic industrial materials

The importance of doing research and development continuously (R&D)

To produce better materilas used to improve out standard of living

New materials are required to overcome new challenges and problem we face in our daily lives.
Synthetic materials are devepod constantly ue to the limitation and shortage of natural materials New technological developments are used by scientist to make new discoveries. A responsible and systemic method of handling the waste of synthetic materials and their by-products is important to prevent environmental pollution.

THE END