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Airway and ventilation are the first priorities in managing the trauma patient.
E. Maintenance of ventilation
F. Definitive airway
Supplemental oxygen should be provided before and immediately after airway measures are instituted. Protection of the cervical spine must be provided in patients who are unconscious, patients with injuries above the clavicle and multi system trauma. Care must be taken to maintain in line immobilisation of the cervical spine during airway management.
A. Establish responsiveness
- if the patient is able to speak and answer appropriately, it can be assumed: * the airway is unobstructed * cerebral perfusion adequate
LOOK
Agitation and obtundation - agitation suggests hypoxia - obtundation suggests hypercarbia Observe the chest movement and determine respiratory rate Look for retraction and use of accessory muscles Cyanosis indicates hypoxia. This is a late sign
LISTEN
Listen to breath sounds from patients mouth and nose. Noisy breathing such as stridor, snoring or gurgling indicates partial airway obstruction. Hoarseness (dysphonia) implies laryngeal obstruction
FEEL
Feel for the expired breath Determine if the trachea is midline
ASSESSMENT OF VENTILATION
- The assessment of ventilation (breathing) and airway go hand-in-hand because their outcome may depend on one another. 1. Expose the chest 2. Determine the rate, depth, symmetry and regularity of respiration - rapid respiratory rate may indicate hypoxia and impending respiratory failure - Irregular respiration may indicate severe head injury
E. MAINTENANCE OF VENTILATION
1. Through a face mask - face to pocket mask - bag-valve-mask 2. Through a definitive airway - bag-valve-tube - jet insufflation - ventilator
Remember! The aim of ventilation is to achieve maximum cellular oxygenation. Always give oxygen 10-12L/min or 100% oxygen and maintain oxygen saturation (SpO2) of more than 95%.
4. Cardiopulmonary arrest
F. DEFINITIVE AIRWAY
A definitive airway requires a tube in the trachea
with the cuff inflated and oxygen delivered to the patient The gold standard for a definitive airway is the presence of a cuffed endotracheal tube in the trachea. Definitive airway can be achieved by: 1. Endotracheal intubation 2. Surgical airway a) cricothyroidotomy - percutaneous needle cricothyroidotomy - surgical cricothyroidotomy 3. Tracheostomy
ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION
- always preoxygenate the patient with 100% oxygen prior to intubation. - Attempts at intubation should not exceed 30 seconds and 2 attempts. Get expert help if you are unable to intubate. REMEMBER! IF ONE ENCOUNTERS DIFFICULT OR FAILED INTUBATION DO NOT CONTINUE THE INTUBATION ATTEMPT BUT PROVIDE VENTILATION AND OXYGENATION VIA THE BAG-VALVE MASK
- Manual in-line stabilisation of the cervical spine must be maintained at all times in patients with suspected cervical spine injury.
- ETT size 8 - 9 mm in male and 7 - 8 mm in female.
SURGICAL AIRWAY
- An emergency surgical airway is only indicated when there is an inability to intubate the trachea in the presence of an unrelieved airway obstruction. - Indications for surgical airway 1. Failure of ETT insertion due to laryngeal oedema 2. Severe maxillofacial injury that distorts the anatomy 3. Severe oropharyngeal haemorrhage that prevents vocal cord visualisation
SURGICAL AIRWAY
1. Cricothyroidotomy - percutaneous needle cricothyroidotomy - surgical cricothyroidotomy 2. Tracheostomy - too time consuming in the emergency setting. Not usually done.
MTLS
BREATHING
ADEQUATE INADEQUATE
Partial obstruction O2 via face mask
NOT BREATHING
OBSTRUCTION
Complete obst Insert airway Bag-valve mask vent.
RESP.ARREST
Tongue--> Chin lift/Jaw thrust oro/nasopharyngeal airway FB/secretions/blood--> suction/removal Maxillofacial injury --> reduction Endotracheal intubation Surgical airway