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♦ Properties:
♦ Represents some aspect of the real world.
♦ A logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning.
♦ Designed, built and populated with data for a specific purpose.
♦ Overhead of DBMS:
♦ High Initial investment
♦ Security, concurrency control, recovery, Integrity functions
DBMS
♦ Data Model:
♦ A collection of concepts that can be used to describe the structure of a
database – provides the necessary means to achieve this abstraction.
♦ By structure of a database we mean the data types, relationships and
constraints that should hold on the data.
♦ Relationship:
♦ Interaction among the entities.
♦ Generalization:
♦ Suppressing the differences among several entity types, identify their common
features and generalize them into a single superclass of which the original
entity types are special subclasses.
♦ Association:
♦ Associate objects from several independent classes.
DBMS
♦ Entity Integrity constraint:
♦ States that No primary key value can be null.
♦ RIC:
♦ Specified between two relations and is used to maintain the consistency
among tuples of the two relations.
♦ JOIN OPERATION:
♦ 1) Theta Join(Null do not appear in the result.
♦ 2) Equi join(=)
♦ 3) Natural Join(basically an equi join followed by removal of the superfluous
attributes)
♦ Division Operation:
♦ T1 π Y( R ) , T2π Y ((S * T1) - R), T T1-T2
DBMS
Triggers:
Active rule capability is provided by a database trigger – stored procedure that is
implicitly executed or fired when the table with which it is associated has an insert,
delete or update performed on it.
Functional Dependency:
Constraint between two sets of attributes from the database.
Between two sets of attributes X and Y that are subsets of
R specifies a constraint on the possible tuples that can form a relation state r of R.
Normalization of Data:
Process of analyzing the given relation schemas based on their FDs and primary
keys to achieve the desirable properties of
Minimizing redundancy.
Minimizing the insertion, deletion and update anomalies
DBMS
♦ FIRST NORMAL FORM:
♦ States “The domain of an attribute must include only atomic(indivisible)
values and that the value of any attribute in a tuple must be a single value from
the domain of that attribute”.
♦ Disallows “relations within relations” and multivalued attributes.