MEMBRANE

CARBOHYDRATE
SWEET MYSTERY OF LIFE……..
 Carbohydrates
• Polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone
• Most abundant biomolecules on
earth.
• Photosynthesis fixes 100 billion ton
of CO2 and
H2O into Carbohydrate annually
• Source of energy via Glycolysis,
Krebs cycle
• Insoluble carbohydrate serve as
 CARBOHYDRATE

STRUCTURAL GLYCOCONJUGATE OR
CARBOHYDRATE MEMBRANE CARBOHYDRATE
e.g. Cellulose, Chitin STORAGE e.g. Glycolipid, Glycoprotein
etc. CARBOHYDRATE etc.
e.g. Starch, Glycogen
etc.
 MEMBRANE
CARBOHYDRATE
• Bound to membrane via
lipid or protein
• Present on both side but
can vary
e.g. glycolipid generally present
on outer half membrane
but glycoprotein on both the
side.
• Concentration vary with
membrane to membrane
• Serve as destination labels for
proteins
• Mediators of specific cell to cell
interaction
 BASED ON THE
CONJUGATE

LIPO-
GLYCOLIPID
GLYCOPROTEIN PROTEOGLYCAN -POLYSACCHARIDE
 GLYCOPROTEIN

• Oligosaccharides of
varying complexity
joined to protein
• Present on the outer
face of plasma
membrane, golgi
complex, lysosome,
secretory granule
• Sugar portion less
monotonous than
glycosamine of
proteoglycan
• Rich in information,
highly specific sites for
recognition
• High-affinity binding
 PROTEOGLYCAN
• Glycosaminoglycan
covalently bound
to membrane
protein
•
Glycosaminoglycan
moiety
predominates the
proteoglycan
• Biological activity
is due to
glycosamine
moiety
 GLYCOLIPID

• membrane lipids with

hydrophilic end are
oligosaccharide
• Generally present on
outer side of
membrane
• Oligosaccharide motif
is smaller but very
diverse with cell to
cell.
• Responsible for
Human blood group
type A, B, AB & O
e.g. Ganglioside,
Digalactosyldiglycerid
e etc.
 LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE
• As glycolipid are
absent in bacteria(-
ve), it is there
• Sugar motif is
larger than lipid
• Act as endotoxin
• responsible for
immune response
in human
 FUNCTION OF MEMBRANE
CARBOHYDRATAES
 Functions in cell - cell recognition-
glycoprotein serve as identification tags that are specifically recognized by other cells.
Mechanism through which cell recognizes other cells.
cell surface contain both glycosyl transferase & their oligosaccharide substrate
binding of each other’s oligosaccharide to glycosyl transferase result in adhesion,

 important in cell sorting and organization in tissue and organ development

 important for recognition and rejection of foreign cells by the immune system
(give a “fingerprint” -tissue rejection)

 Some adhesion between cells in the reception of signal molecules

 give rise to A, B, and O blood groups

because of glycolipid present on the RBC
GLYCOPROTEIN:- Cell Receptor as point of
attachment for other cells, toxin, virus,
hormone and many other molecule
 CONCLUSION
• A great majority of proteins and many of lipids are glycosylated. Many of their
structures are to be revealed and their distinct function understood.

• Information embedded in oligosaccharide structure, decoded by specific receptors

mediate many vital biological processes.

• Impaired glycosylaton may cause diseases and be disease specific.

• Surface oligosaccharides show antigenic properties and are receptor specific.

• Sugar structure change during development and ageing, as well as in response to

environmental factors.

• Understanding glycobiology will help understanding and treating diseases.

 REFERENCE:-
• Robert K. Murray, Daryl K. Granner & Victor W. Rodwell: "Harper's
Illustrated Biochemistry 27th Ed.", p. 526, McGraw-Hill, 2006
• Biochemistry 5thE 11.3. Carbohydrates Can Be Attached to Proteins to Form
Glycoproteins
• Molecular Biology of the Cell (3rd Edition). Alberts B, Bray D, Lewis J, Raff
M, Roberts K, Watson JD. Garland Publishing
• Rittig MG et al (2004). "Smooth and rough lipopolysaccharide phenotypes of
Brucella induce different intracellular trafficking and cytokine/chemokine
release in human monocytes". Journal of Leukocyte Biology 5 (4): 196–200.
PMID 12960272
• Netea M et al (2002). "Does the shape of lipid A determine the interaction of
LPS with Toll-like receptors?". Trends Immunol 23 (3): 135–9. doi:
10.1016/S1471-4906(01)02169-X. PMID 11864841
• WWW.PUBMEDCENTRAL.GOV
• WWW.SCIENCEDIRECT.COM
• www. journalseek.net/cgi-
bin/journalseek/journalsearch.cgi?field=issn&query=0282-0080
Thank you