NEUROLOGICAL THINKING

Dr. Riani Indiyarti SpS Bagian Nuerologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Trisakti

PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN NEUROLOGY

Systemic abnormalities in the nervous system secondary to systemic disease Intrinsic arising within the nervous system Vascular resulting from disturbance in the blood suply to the nervous system Extrinsic affecting the nervous system from outside

SYSTEMIC
Metabolic : hypo/hyperglycemia, hyponatremia, hypoxia, hypercarbia, hypo/hypercalcemia Toxic : drugs, heavy metal, organic solvent Nutritional : vit B12 deficiency, thiamine deficiency Endocrine : hypo/hyperthyroidisme, Addisons disease

INTRINSIC
Metabolic Infectious : meningitis, encephalitis Neoplastic : prymary/ secondary tumours Degenerative Paroxysmal : epilepsy, migraine Imunological : multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, myasthenia gravis, polymiositis Genetic

DEGENERATIVE DISEASE
Barain : Alzheimer disease, Picks disease, Huntingtons disease, Parkinsons disease Brainstem and cerebellum : Progressive bulbar palsy, cerebellar degeneration Spinal cord : motor neuron disease, hereditary spastic paraparesis Peipheral nerve : hereditary sensory and motor neuropathies Muscle : muscular dystrophies

VASCULAR
Haemorrhage : intracerebral, epidural, subdural, subarachnoid Infarction : embolus, thrombosis, arterial disease (vasculitis)

EXTRINSIC
Brain : trauma, hydrocephalus, extrinsic tomour, abcess Spinal cord : trauma, cervical spondylitic compression, abcess, extrinsic tumour Nerve root : lumbar/ cervical disc disease Plexus : trauma, tumour infiltraton, radiation damage Peripheral nerves ; compression, e.g median at wrist ulnar at elbow

PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES
Acut : vascular, trauma Subacut : infection Chronis : tumor, degenerative

DISEASES
V : Vascular I : Infection, inflammation T : Trauma A : Automimu, immunologis M : Metabolic I : Idiopathic N : Neoplasma

DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis klinik Diagnosis topis Diagnosis patolohis Diagnosis etiologis

THERAPY
General
Confirmation, information, education Gizi

Spesific
Medikamentosa Operation Rehabilitation

TERMINOLOGY
Encephalopathy : abnormality of the brain Encephalitis : inflammation of the brain Myelopathy : abnormality of the spinal cord Myelitis : inflammation of the spinal cord Radiculopathy : abnormality of single nerve root Polyradiculopathy : abnormality of many nerve roots Plexopathy : abnormality of the plexus (bracial or lumbar)

TERMINOLOGY
Polyneuropathy or neuropathy : abnormality of many nerves Mononeuropathy : abnormality of singled named nerve Mononeuritis multiplex : an abnormality of multiple named nerves Myopathy : abnormality of muscle (myositis/ polinyositis : inalmmation of muscle) Meningitis : inflammation of the meningen Meningo-encephalomyelitis : inflammation the meningens, brain and spinal cord