Introduction to Pharmacology MBBS

Dr. Rathnakar U.P.

MD.DIH.PGDHM

Associate Professor Department of Pharmacology Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore www.scribd.com 02 August 2013

Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Pharmacology: It is that branch of science that deals with interaction of exogenously administered chemical molecules with the living system
Pharmacon - Drug Logos - Discourse

PHARMACY:
Science of identification, selection, preservation, standardization, compounding and dispensing of medicines.

What is a DRUG ?
Drogue (French) a dry herb Definition: WHO
Drug is any substance or product that is used or intended to be used to modify or explore a physiological system or a pathological state for the benefit of the recipient

A drug is defined as any substance used for the purpose of diagnosis, prevention, relief or cure of a disease in man or animals.

Divisions in Pharmacology
Experimental Pharmacology:
Evaluation of drug action in animals

Clinical Pharmacology
Evaluation of drug action in humans

Pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics [What body does to drug]

Pharmacodynamics [What drug does to body]

General pharmacolgy

Pharmacokinetics
Kinesis (Greek) movement Definition:
This refers to the movement of the drug in the body, and the alterations of the drug by the body
Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion

Pharmacodynamics
Dynamics (Greek) power Definition:
This refers to the physiological and biochemical effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action at
Macromolecular Subcellular Organ system level

Important definitions
Pharmacotherapeutics:
Application of pharmacological information together with the knowledge of the disease for its prevention, mitigation and cure.

Chemotherapy:
Treatment of systemic infections/malignancies with specific drugs that have selective toxicity for the infecting organism / malignant cell, with no / minimal effects on the host cell

Important definitions
Toxicology:
The study of poisonous effects of drugs and other chemicals (house hold, environmental pollutants, industrial chemicals, etc), with emphasis on

detection, prevention and treatment of poisoning.

Important definitions
PHARMACOGENETICS
Study of Genetic influences on responses to drugs.

PHARMACOGENOMICS
Use of genetic information to guide the choice of drug therapy.

PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY
Study of drug effects at the population level.

Important definitions
PHARMACOECONOMICS :
Branch of health economics, aims to quantify in economic terms, the cost and benefit of drugs used therapeutically.

BIOTECHNOLOGY:
Use of recombinant DNA Technology for manufacture of therapeutic proteins, diagnostics, genotyping etc.

Sample of different drug names Chemical Name

N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (RS)-2-(4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl)propanoic acid Non-Prop. name Generic Name Acetaminophen Ibuprofen

Brand Name

Metacin Brufen Azithral Aspirin Benadryl Atorva

(2R,3S,4R,5R,8R,10R,11R,12S,13S,14R)-13-[(2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-Omethyl--L-ribo-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-2-ethyl-3,4,10-trihydroxy-3,5,6,8,10,12,14Azithromycin heptamethyl-11-[[3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)--D-xylohexopyranosyl]oxy]-1-oxa-6-azacyclopentadecan-15-one

2-acetoxybenzoic acid 2-(Diphenylmethoxy)-N,N-dimethylethylamine hydrochloride (3R,5R)-7-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-phenyl-4-(phenylcarbamoyl)-5-propan-2ylpyrrol-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid

Aspirin Diphenhydramine

Atorvastatin

Drug Nomenclature
1. Chemical name:

This describes the drug chemically

1-(Isopropylamino)-3-(1-napthyloxy)-propan-2-ol = Propranolol

2. Nonproprietary name/official name

Name accepted by competent scientific body
Propranolol Meperidine (USA) Pethidine (UK and India)

"Instruments that record analyze summarize organize debate and explain information which are illustrative, non-illustrative hardbound paperback jacketed, non-jacketed with forward, introduction, table of contents, index that are intended for the enlightenment, understanding enrichment enhancement and education of the human brain thru sensory root of vision... sometimes touch"

"Sir, machines are any combination of bodies so connected that their relative motions are constraint. And by which means force and motion maybe transmitted and modified as the screw in its nut or a lever range turnabout a fulcrum or a pulley by its pivot etc. esp a construction more or less complex consisting of a combination of moving parts or simple mechanical elements as wheels, levers, cams etc."

Drug Nomenclature
3. Generic name:
Applied to the chemical / pharmacological group
Phenothiazines Tricyclic antidepressants Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

4.

Proprietary name:
Name given by manufacturer brand name
Calpol, Metacin Brufen, Voveran

SOURCES OF DRUGS
MINERAL:

MgSO4, Mg trisilicate, Liquid paraffin

ANIMAL: Insulin, Heparin, Thyroid extract PLANT: Morphine, Atropine, Digoxin SYNTHETIC: Aspirin, Sulfonamides

SOURCES OF DRUGS
MICRO-ORGANISM:

Penicillin
DNA RECOMBINANT TECHNOLOGY: Human Insulin, Human Growth Hormone HYBRIDOMA TECHNIQUE: Monoclonal antibodies

Sources of Drug Information

Text Books Journals

Library Websites

CME

NATIONAL FORMULARY
B.N.F. British National Formulary
British Medical Association & Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain

N.F.I. National Formulary of India

By Govt. of India

Package Insert

PHARMACOPOEIA: [IP, BP, USP]

Official code, containing selected list of established drugs, descriptions of physical properties, tests for

identity, purity and potency.

Essential Drugs
Definition:
Those drugs that satisfy the priority healthcare needs of the population.

These drugs are selected with due regard to public health relevance, evidence on efficacy and safety, and comparative cost effectiveness

Essential Drugs
Should be available at all times
In adequate amounts In appropriate dosage forms In affordable price for individual & community

Essential Drugs
First model list 1977 The nomenclature EDL (essential drug list) is modified to EML (essential medicine list) 17th model of EML published by WHO in 2011 National List of Essential Medicines 2011 published by Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India

Essential Drugs
Advantages:
Reduces the cost of patient care

Improves the practitioners

Knowledge of drugs Quality of prescribing

Orphan drugs
Drugs or biological products for diagnosis, treatment, prevention of a rare disease or condition. The condition/disease is so rare, that there is no expectation that the cost of research and manufacture can be recovered from the sales of the drug Examples:
Sodium nitrite Protamine sulfate Anti-digoxin antibodies Tri-iodothyronine (T3)