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Chapter 2
IP Addressing And Related Topics
Objectives
Understand IP addressing, anatomy and structures, and addresses from a computers point of view Recognize and describe the various IP address classes from A to E, and explain how theyre composed and used Understand the nature of IP address limitations, and how techniques like Classless Inter-Domain Routing and Network Address Translation ease those limitations
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Objectives (cont.)
Define the terms subnet and supernet, and apply your knowledge of how subnets and supernets work to solve specific network design problems Understand how public and private Internet addresses are assigned, how to obtain them, and how to use them properly Recognize the importance and value of an IP addressing scheme
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IP Addressing Basics
Computers deal with network addresses in the form of bit patterns IP uses a three-part addressing scheme
Symbolic: Example support.dell.com Logical numeric: Example 172.16.1.10 Physical numeric: Consists of a 6-byte numeric address, burned into firmware (on a chip) by network interface manufacturers
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At the Data Link layer, a network interface transfers frames, using MAC addresses, to another network interface only on the same physical or local network At the Network layer, the senders address and the ultimate recipients address is in the IP packet header
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Anatomy Of An IP Address
IP addresses use dotted decimal notation IP Addresses take the form n.n.n.n, where n is guaranteed to be between 0 and 255 Each number is an 8-bit number that is called an octet
IP Address Classes
IP addresses are further subdivided into five classes, from Class A to Class E First three classes of addresses (A thru C), divide the octets as follows
Class A n. h.h.h Class B n.n. h.h Class C n.n.n. h
n = Network, h = Hosts
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b = 1 or 0 10000000 thru 10111111 for first octet Addresses consisting of all 0s and all 1s, for the variable b, are reserved for special uses
Network ID and Broadcast Address
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Broadcast Address is the address that all hosts on a network must read
Broadcast addresses have all 1s in the host bit positions
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Calculating supernets
Supernets steal bits from the network portion of an IP address to lend those bits to the host
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Public IP addresses:
Used when identifying servers or services that must be accessible to the Internet Assigned to routers, proxy servers, firewalls, web servers, e-mail servers, FTP servers, and news servers
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www.icann.org
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IP Addressing Schemes
The Network space
Number of physical locations Number of network devices at each location Amount of broadcast traffic at each location
IP network is a broadcast domain Routing (instead of bridging) is done to prevent unnecessary broadcasts from clogging expensive WAN circuits 2
Availability of IP addresses
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Chapter Summary
IP addresses provide the foundation for identifying individual network interfaces (and therefore computers or other devices as well) on TCP/IP networks Understanding address structures, restrictions, and behavior is essential to designing TCP/IP networks and appreciating how existing TCP/IP networks are organized IP addresses come in five classes named A through E
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