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Origins of Bluetooth
The Bluetooth logo, a trademark owned by Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson, Sweden and licensed to promoters and adopters of the Bluetooth Special Interest Group
Origins of Bluetooth
Bluetooth began as an open standard project in 1994 by Ericsson in Sweden It was originally named multi-communicator (MC) link not a very memorable name The goal was to develop a wireless communication standard that would support short-range voice and data transfers amongst multiple devices. Four years later, in 1998, four other companies, IBM, Intel, Nokia, and Toshiba, joined with Ericsson to form a special interest group (SIG) SIG was to promote the standard and promptly renamed the standard to Bluetooth (a much more memorable name).
Origins of Bluetooth
Today, the promoter group consists of nine companies 3Com, Lucent Technologies,Microsoft, Motorola, IBM, Intel, Nokia, Toshiba, and, of course, Ericsson There are also hundreds of associate and adopter member companies The Bluetooth SIG is driving a low-cost short-range wireless specification for connecting mobile devices Bluetooth was coined from the name of a tenth-century Danish king, Harold Bluetooth The Viking king was credited with uniting Norway and Denmark during his reign.
Origins of Bluetooth
The promise of Bluetooth is seamless interconnectivity among devices Uniting technologies like the king Computers, wireless headsets, printers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), mobile phones, and laptops will be able to share files and transfer both voice and data
Introduction to Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a global wireless standard that in its simplest form is designed to replace cables. The cost must be extremely low, and the devices must be easy to operate. Additionally, the devices must be robust Because Bluetooth devices operate in the unlicensed ISM band at 2.4 GHz. The ISM band is reserved for the general use of devices that operate to specifications determined by the various geographical governing bodies such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States and European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in Europe.
Introduction to Bluetooth
The ISM band is unlicensed This means that anyone can operate a wireless device in the band As long as it adheres to the regulations specified in the particular geographical location Other bands require a license (which is expensive) and adherence to government regulations for said spectrum. In contrast to the ISM band, one of the 3G UMTS bands in Europe covers a spectrum from 1,900 to 1,980 MHz. Providers wishing to offer 3G services must obtain an expensive license to do so.
Introduction to Bluetooth
Introduction to Bluetooth
In the ISM band you can find a myriad of short-range devices for many applications Like wireless local area network (WLAN) applications And of course, all of our microwave ovens (operating at 2.45 GHz) Bluetooth devices must combat the noisy and overcrowded environment of the ISM band And it does so by employing three critical techniques to minimize interference from other devices Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), short data packets, and adaptive power control
Frequency Hopping
The history of FHSS dates back to World War II Hedy Lamarr, the Austrian born actress, and George Antheil, an American composer, co-patented an idea to prevent intentional jamming of radar/communication signals If a signal is being transmitted constantly at a specific frequency, it is a simple matter to interfere with the signal by transmitting at the same frequency They envisioned that by jumping or hopping frequencies faster than the enemy could retune their jamming signal they could preserve the integrity of the information on the signal
Frequency Hopping
Since the ISM band is already crowded, it is highly likely that multiple devices attempting to transmit at the same frequency will coexist. To limit interference in the unlicensed ISM band, the FCC regulations place limits on maximum power transmission The regulation permits a transmit power level only up to 0 dBm This is really not enough power to ensure reliable operation of the wireless network To circumvent this challenge and still comply with the regulations, a frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) technique with a hop speed of 1,600 hops/s is used.
Frequency Hopping
Using FHSS, the power level can be as high as 20 dBm And the range of the wireless network can be extended to 100m Frequency hopping acts to spread the power across the ISM band And, thus, still adheres to the 0-dBm regulation, provides robust communications, and also acts as a means of security
Bluetooth Modulation
Bluetooth uses Gaussian frequency shift keying (GFSK) More explicitly, Bluetooth uses 0.5 BT Gaussian-filtered two-frequency shift keying (2FSK) Also referred to as binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) at 1 Msymbol/s with a channel spacing of 1 MHz Since only two frequencies are used, one bit is one symbol How? That is a 1 indicates a positive frequency deviation (nominally +157.5 kHz) from the carrier And a 0 indicates a negative frequency deviation (nominally 157.5 kHz) from the carrier
Bluetooth Modulation
Figure on next slide shows the amplitude versus time, as well as a constellation diagram plot of 2FSK modulation that is used for Bluetooth The frequency deviation range is between 140 and 175 kHz.
Bluetooth Modulation
Bluetooth packet
The Bluetooth internet bridge usage case 2: direct local area network access through a data access point