Mid-term Exam

1. Newtonian Fluid, Non-Newtonian Fluid, Ideal Fluid

2. Viscosity, Kinematic Viscosity
3. Viscosity
4. Bulk Modulus of Elasticity
5. Surface Tension, Capillarity
6. Vapor Pressure (Cavitation)
7. Perfect Gas Law
8. Pressure
9. Pressure variation
10. Monometer
11. Pressure Variation and Center of Pressure
12. Buoyancy
13. Continuity Equation and Bernoulli Equation
14. Force from Fluid

Viscosity (Absolute Viscosity)
Kinematic Viscosity
Physical Properties of Water
7. Capillarity
0. Newtonian Fluid
Shear Stress t
Ideal Fluid
= 0
Newtonian Fluid
= constant
Non-Newtonian Fluid
= not constant
Ideal Plastic
= constant
t > yield stress
du
dy
t =
du
dy
1. Viscosity, kinematic viscosity
a. What is the viscosity of gasoline at 25 C ?
b. Determine the kinematic viscosity of benzen at
27 C ?
(Use the figure)
(Use the figure)
c. A fluid has a viscosity 0.6 Pa s and a relative
density of 0.7. Determine its kinematic viscosity.
1. Answer
a.
4
2.8 10 [ ] Pa s

b.
Viscosity of gasoline at 25 C :
Viscosity of benzen at 27 C :
7 2
7.0 10 [ / ] m s

Kinematic Viscosity :
4 2
3
0.6[ ]
8.6 10 [ / ]
0.7 1000[ / ]
Pa s
m s
kg m

= = =

c.
2. Viscosity
Determine the viscosity of fluid between shaft
and sleeve in the figure.
V = 0.1 m/s
200 mm
100 N
74 mm
0.07 mm
2. Answer
AU
F
t
=
3
3 3 2
100[ ] (0.07 10 )[ ]
(74 10 ) (200 10 )[ ] 0.1[ / ]
1.5[ ]
Ft
AU
N m
m m s
Pa s

t


=

=

=
3
3 3 2
100[ ]
0.1[ / ]
0.07 10 [ ]
(74 10 ) (200 10 )[ ]
F N
U m s
t m
A m t

=
=
=
=
3. Viscosity
A 25 mm diameter steel cylinder 300 mm long falls,
because of its own gravity force at an uniform rate
of 0.1 m/s inside a tube of slightly larger diameter. A
castor-oil film of constant thickness is between the
cylinder and the tube. Determine the clearance
between the tube and the cylinder. The temperature
is 38 C. Relative density of steel = 7.85.
3. Answer
AU
F
t
=
2
3
3
1
3 3 2
25 10
(300 10 ) 7.85 1000 [ ]
2
2.6 10 [ ]( )
0.1[ / ]
(25 10 ) (300 10 )[ ]
?[ ]
F ma g N
Pa s fromthe figure
U m s
A m
t m
t

| |

= =
|
\ .
=
=
=
=
3 3
1
2
3
3
4
(25 10 ) ( 300 10 ) 0.1
2.6 10
25 10
( 300 10 ) 7.85 1000
2
2.1 10 [ ]
AU
t
F
g
m
t

= =
| |

|
\ .
=
4. Viscosity
A piston of diameter 50.00 mm moves within a
cylinder of 50.10 mm. Determine the percent
decrease in force necessary to move the piston when
the lubricant warms up from 0 to 120 C. (use
viscosity of crude oil)
constant
89 % decrease
UA
F
t
=
2 2
1 1
1 1 1 0.111 0.89
F
F

= = =
4. Answer
Viscosity at 0C

1
= 1.8 10
-2

2
= 2.0 10
-3

Viscosity at 120C
5. Bulk Modulus of Elasticity
dp : Pressure change, ex. (p
2
p
1
)
dV : Volume change, ex. (V
2
V
1
)

Unit of K: [Pa]
dp = 0.1 MPa
1 m
3
of Water at 20 C
dV = ?
/
dp
K
dV V
=
Determine the change of volume.
(use the table)
5. Answer
6
9
5 3
0.1 10 1
2.2 10
1
4.5 10 [ ]
22000
dp V
dV
K
m

= =

= =
/
dp
K
dV V
=
Water at 20 C 2.20 GPa (from the table)
6. Bulk Modulus of Elasticity
For K = 2.2 GPa for bulk modulus of elasticity
of water, what pressure is required to reduce its
volume by 0.5 % ?
6. Answer
/
dp
K
dV V
=
9
2.2 10 [ ]
/ 0.5/100
?
K Pa
dV V
dp
=
=
=
9
7
/ 2.2 10 0.5/100
1.1 10 [ ]
dp K dV V
Pa
= =
=
7. Capillarity
Determine the capillary rise for distilled water
at 40 C in a circular 6 mm diameter glass tube.
(Use the figure)
7. Answer
From the figure,
2.5 mm of capillarity rise
8. Vapor Pressure
A vertical cylinder 300 mm in diameter is fitted
(at the top) with a tight but frictionless piston
and is completely filled with water at 70 C.
The outside of the piston is exposed to an
atmospheric pressure of 100 kPa. Calculate the
minimum force applied to the piston that will
cause the water to boil ? (use the table to
determine the vapor pressure)
8. Answer
d = 300mm
70 C
100 kPa
Force ?
From the table, vapor pressure of water
at 70 C : 31.4 kPa
Deference between Atmosphere and
Vapor Pressures: 100 31.4 [kPa]
The force required :
2
3
3
3
300 10
(100 31.4) 10
2
4.85 10 [ ]
F p A
N
t

= A
| |

=
|
\ .
=
9. Cavitation
At What pressure can cavitation be expected at the
inlet of a pump that is handling water at 20 C ?
Pump
9. Answer
From the table,
cavitation is expected at 2.5 kPa of pressure
10. Perfect Gas Law
A gas with relative molecular mass of 44 is at
a pressure of 0.9 MPa and a temperature of 20
C. Determine its density.
10. Answer
P = RT
6
1 3
0.9 10
1.6 10 [ / ]
8312
(273 20)
44
P
kg m
RT

= = =
+
11. Absolute Pressure
h = 380 mm
Atmospheric Pressure = ??
A B
Mercury (s = 13.6)
11. Answer
A B
p p =
3
4
13.6 1000 9.80665 380 10
5.07 10 [ ]
A B HG
p p gh
Pa

= =
=
=
Pressure at A:
Pressure at B:
B HG
p gh =
Taking the points A and B,
??
A
p =
12. Manometer
A
h
2
= 3 m
P
0
= 101.3 kPa

h
1
= 380 mm
Mercury (s = 13.6)
Oil
(s = 0.9)
P
A
(gage) = ??, P
A
(abs) = ??
12. Answer
A
h
2

=

3

m

1
P
0
2
h
1

=

3
8
0

m
m

Mercury (s = 13.6)
Oil
(s = 0.9)
P
A
(gage) = ??
P
A
(abs) = ??
B
C
B C
p p =
Pressure at C:
1 C HG
p gh =
Taking the points B and C,
Pressure at B:
1 B C HG
p p gh = =
Pressure at the point A:
( )
( )
2 1 2
1 2
3
4
9.80665 13.6 1000 380 10 0.9 1000 3
2.4 10 [ ]( )
A B oil HG oil
HG oil
p p gh gh gh
g h h
Pa Gage pressure

= =
=
=
=
Absolute pressure at the point A:
, 0
4 3
5
2.4 10 101.3 10
1.3 10 [ ]( )
A abs A
p p p
Pa Absolute pressure
= +
= +
=
13. Manometer
Water
250 mm
Oil (s = 0.90)
P
A
P
B
1625 mm
500 mm
P
A
P
B
= ??
13. Answer
Water
h
2
= 250 mm
Oil (s = 0.90)
P
A
P
B
h
1

=

1
6
2
5

m
m

h
3

=

5
0
0

m
m

P
A
P
B
= ??
C D
( )
2 C D w oil
p p gh =
Pressures at A and B:
( )
( )
1 2
1 2 3
A C w
B D w
p p g h h
P p g h h h

= +
= +
Taking the points C and D,
Pressure difference at the points A and B:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) { }
( ) { }
| |
1 2 1 2 3
1 2 1 2 3
2 3
2 3 2
3
9.80665 1000 0.250 0.500 0.9 1000 0.250
5.1 10
A B
C w D w
C D w
w oil w
w oil
p p
p g h h p g h h h
p p g h h h h h
gh gh
g h h gh
Pa

= +
= + + +
= +
= +
= +
=
B
Oil (s = 0.90)
14. Manometer
A
150 mm
250mm
150 mm
150 mm
200mm
Mercury (s=13.6)
Water
P
A
P
B
= ??
14. Answer
B
Oil (s = 0.90)
A
h
1
= 150 mm
Mercury (s=13.6)
Water
C D
E F
G H
h
2
= 150 mm
h
3

=

2
5
0

m
m

h
4

=

2
0
0

m
m

h
5

=

1
5
0

m
m

( ) ( ) { }
( ) ( ) { }
2 1
3
4
5
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 2 3 1
9.80665 1000 0.9 0.150 13.6 1000 0.200 0.150 1000 0.250 0.150
A C Hg w
C D
D E w
E F
F G Hg
G H
H B oil
A B oil Hg w Hg w
A B oil Hg w
p p gh gh
p p
p p gh
p p
p p gh
p p
p p gh
p p gh gh gh gh gh
p p g h h h h h

=
=
= +
=
=
=
= +
= + +
= +
= +
=
| |
3
4.4 10 Pa
Water
15. Pressure variation
(Inclined Surface)
22.2 kN
60
0
2.4 m
4.5 m
fixed
fixed
d = ?
Determine the depth d
when the gate opens.
Answer:
D >= 2.75m
15. Answer
Water
22.2 kN
u = 60
0
b = 2.4 m
d = ?
Centroid
Center of Pressure
2
2
h
y =
Moment balance on the plate:
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2
3
2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
1 1 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
3
2
3
2
sin
12
2
2 2 2 6 3
2 2
sin
2 2
sin
3 3
2
sin
9
2
sin
9 sin
9sin 60
2
G G G
G
G
C
C
c C w C C
w
w
w
w
d h
I k A k bh
bh
I
k h bh h bh h h h
y y
h h
y
Fh F h y
P A h y gy bh h y
h h
g bh h
g bh
d
g b
d
gb
u
u
u
u
u
u

=
= =
= + = + = + = + =
=
= =
| |
=
|
\ .
=
| |
=
|
\ .

=
| |
3
1 1
3
3
3
9
4
22.2 10 4.5
2 1000 9.80665 2.4
2.4
Fh
d m

=

=
16. Pressure Variation
Water
d = ??
Atmospheric Pressure P
0
1.3 m
1.2 m
G
y
b = 4 m
h = 3 m
Determine depth d when water gate
opens automatically.
d > 6.45
16. Answer
Water
d = ??
a
2
= 1.3 m
a
1
= 1.2 m
G
y
h

=

3

m

b = 4 m
( )
( )
2
2
1
1
1 2
2
1 1 2
1
2
1 2 1
12
2
2
,
12
2
2
2 2 12 2
G
C
C
Equation for position of center of pressure
h
k h
y y d a
y h
d a
y d a a
Combining two equations above
h
h
d a d a a
h
d a
h h h h
d a a d a
| |
= + = + +
|
| | \ .
+
|
\ .
< +
| |
+ + < +
|
| | \ .
+
|
\ .

| | | |
+ + < +
`
| |
\ . \ .
)
2 2
1 2
2 1 2
2
1 2
1 2
2
2
2 2 4 12 2
2 3 2
2
3.0 1.2 3.0 1.3 3.0
1.2 1.3
2 3 2
3.0
1.3
2
6.45
ha a h h h h
d a a a
ha a h h
a a
d
h
a
d
d

`
)
| |
> + +
|
\ .
+
>

+ +
>

>
3 3
2
2 2
2
2
2
3
2
2 2 2
1
3 12
12
12
2
h
h
G h
h
G
G G G G
Conditions
y bh
I y dA y b dy b
bh
I h
I k A k bh k
bh bh
h
y d a

(
= = = =
(

= = = = =
| |
= +
|
\ .
} }
17. Buoyancy
350 kN
12 m
6 m
6 m
15 m
2.4 m
400 kN
d (draft) = ??
Water
17. Answer (1/2)
F
2
= 350 kN
a
1
= 12 m
a
4
= 6 m
6 m
a
2
= 15 m
a
3
= 2.4 m
F
1
= 400 kN
d (draft) = ??
Water
17. Answer (2/2)
2
2 1
4 1 1 2
3
2 2 1 1
1
3 4
2 2 1 1
1 1
3 4
2 1
3
3
2
.
( )
2
( )
0
2
( )
4
2
( )
2
2
(15 12) 750 10
12 12 4
2 2.4 1000 9.80665 6
(15 1
2
w
w
w
Buoyancy equals gravity force
a a d
ga a d F F
a
a a F F
d a d
a ga
a a F F
a a
a ga
d
a a
a

| |

+ = +
|
|
\ .
+
+ =
| | +

|
\ .
=

| |

|

\ .
=

2)
2 2.4
125
12 144 2.5
12 13.26
9.80665
1.01, 20.2
1.25 1.25
0 1.01 d d

+

= = =
> =
| |
( )
3 3 3
1 2
1 2 1
3
1 4
4
1 1 2 1
3
2 1 4
1
3
2
2 1
4 1
400 10 350 10 750 10
( )
1
2
( )
2
( )
2
2
( )
2
w
w
w
w
w
Gravity Force
F F F N
Eqationbetween x and d
d
x a a a
a
Buoyancy
F gV
g a x d a
da d
g a a a a
a
a a d da
g a
a
a a d
ga a d

= + = + =
= +
=
= +

| |

= + +
| `
\ .
)
| |
= +
|
\ .

= +
3
a
| |
|
|
\ .
18. Bernoulli Eq. (Pitot Tube)
V
1
|
1
= 300 mm |
2
= 200 mm V
2
Flow rate = 0.3 m
3
h = ??

Mercury (s = 13.6)
water
18. Answer
( )
( )
( )
( )
| |
1 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
Pr
,
4
2
4 1
2
1000 4 0.3 1
2 13.6 1000 1000 9.80665 3.1416 0.2
3.69 10
Hg w
w
Hg w
w
Hg w
essure Difference
p p gh
Combining two equations above
Q
gh
Q
h
g
Pa

t|

t|

=
| |
=
|
|
\ .
| |
=
|
|

\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
=
( )
1 1 2 2
2 2
1 2
1 2
2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
1 1 2 2
1 2
1 1 2
2
2
2
1 2
2
2
,
2 2
4
2
2 2
0,
4
2 2
w w
w
Continuity Equation
Q AV A V
A A
Q Q Q
V
A
Bernoulli Equation
V p V p
gz gz
V z z
V Q
p p
| |
t t
t|
|
t

t|
= =
| |
| | | |
| = =
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .
= = =
| |
|
\ .
+ + = + +
= =
| |
= =
|
|
\ .
19. Bernoulli Eq. (Venturi
Tube)
V
1
d
2
= 150 mm
Flow rate: Q = ???

Mercury (s = 13.6)
h=480 mm
V
2
d
1
= 300 mm
z
2
z
1
1.5 m

oil
= 0.800
(1)
(2)
19. Answer (1/2)
V
1
d
2
= 150 mm
Flow rate: Q = ???

Mercury (s = 13.6)
h
1
=480 mm
V
2
d
1
= 300 mm
z
2
z
1
h
2
=1.5 m

oil
= 0.800
(1)
(2)
(3)
19. Answer (2/2)
( )
( ) ( )
( )
1 2 1 2
1 3 1 3 2 2
2
1 2
2 2
2 2
2 1
Pr int
,
,
1 1
2
2 2
Hg oil oil
Hg oil oil
Hg oil oil
oil
essure Diffrencebetween po s Aand B
p p gh gh
p p gh p p gh
Combining twoequations above
gh gh
Q
d d

t t
= +
= = +
|

| | | |

` `
| |
\ . \ .

) )
\
2
1 2 2
2 4 4
2 1
2 4 4
3
16 1 1
2 1
1000 13.6 16 1 1
2 1 9.80665 0.48
800 3.1416 0.150 0.300
0.224 /
Hg
oil
gh
Q gh gh gh
d d
m s

t
|
|
|
|
+
|
|
|
.

| | | |

= +
| | ` `
\ . \ .
) )
| | | |
=
`
| |
\ . \ .
)
(
=

( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
2 2
1 2
1 2
2 2
1 1 2 2
1 2
2 2 1 2
2 1 2 1
2
2 2 1 2 2
2 2 2
2
1
2 2
1 2 2 2
2
2 1
,
2 2
2 2
1
2
1
2
1 1
2
oil oil
oil
oil
oil
Continuity Equation
Q AV A V
d d
A A
Bernoulli Equation
V p V p
gz gz
p p
V V g z z
p p A
V V gh
A
p p A V
A A
t t

= =
| |
| | | |
| = =
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .
+ + = + +

= +
| |

= +
|
\ .

=
2
2
2
1 2
2
2 2
2 1
1 1
2
oil
gh
p p Q
gh
A A
| |
+
|
\ .
| |

= +
|
\ .
20. Force From Fluid
u = ??
F = ??
(1)
(2)
V
1
V
2
60
0
d
1
= 300 mm
d
2
= 200 mm
200 L/s
(Overhead View)
P
1
= 150 kPa
Fluid : Water (Incompressible)
( = constant)
21. Force from Fluid
H = ??
V

V
Water Jet
|
1
= 150 mm
V
30
0
3 m
|
2
= 125 mm
How much is H at least to support the plate ?