TL2101

Mekanika Fluida I
Benno Rahardyan
Pertemuan
Mg Topik Sub Topik Tujuan Instruksional (TIK)
1
Pengantar Definisi dan sifat-sifat fluida,
berbagai jenis fluida yang
berhubungan dengan bidang TL
Memahami berbagai
kegunaan mekflu
dalam bidang TL
Pengaruh tekanan Tekanan dalam fluida, tekanan
hidrostatik
Mengerti prinsip-2
tekanan statitka
2 Pengenalan jenis
aliran fluida
Aliran laminar dan turbulen,
pengembangan persamaan untuk
penentuan jenis aliran: bilangan
reynolds, freud, dll
Mengerti, dapat
menghitung dan
menggunakan prinsip
dasar aliran staedy state
Idem Idem Idem
3
Prinsip kekekalan
energi dalam
aliran
Prinsip kontinuitas aliran,
komponen energi dalam aliran
fluida, penerapan persamaan
Bernoulli dalam perpipaan
Mengerti, dapat
menggunakan dan
menghitung sistem prinsi
hukum kontinuitas
4
Idem Idem + gaya pada bidang terendam Idem
5
Aplikasi
kekekalan
energi
Aplikasi kekekalan energi dalam
aplikasi di bidang TL
Latihan menggunakan
prinsip kekekalan
eneri khususnya
dalam bidang air
minum
UTS - -
Pipes are Everywhere!
Owner: City of
Hammond, IN
Project: Water Main
Relocation
Pipe Size: 54"
Pipes are Everywhere!
Drainage Pipes
Pipes
Pipes are Everywhere!
Water Mains


Types of Engineering
Problems
How big does the pipe have to be to
carry a flow of x m
3
/s?
What will the pressure in the water
distribution system be when a fire
hydrant is open?

FLUID DYNAMICS
THE BERNOULLI EQUATION
The laws of Statics that we have learned cannot solve
Dynamic Problems. There is no way to solve for the flow
rate, or Q. Therefore, we need a new dynamic approach
to Fluid Mechanics.
The Bernoulli Equation
By assuming that fluid motion is governed only by pressure and
gravity forces, applying Newtons second law, F = ma, leads us to
the Bernoulli Equation.

P/ + V
2
/2g + z = constant along a streamline
(P=pressure =specific weight V=velocity g=gravity z=elevation)

A streamline is the path of one particle of water. Therefore, at any two
points along a streamline, the Bernoulli equation can be applied and,
using a set of engineering assumptions, unknown flows and pressures
can easily be solved for.


Free Jets
The velocity of a jet of water is clearly related to the depth of water
above the hole. The greater the depth, the higher the velocity. Similar
behavior can be seen as water flows at a very high velocity from the
reservoir behind the Glen Canyon Dam in Colorado
Closed Conduit Flow
Energy equation
EGL and HGL
Head loss
major losses
minor losses
Non circular conduits
The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line
Looking at the Bernoulli equation again:
P/ + V
2
/2g + z = constant on a streamline
This constant is called the total head (energy), H
Because energy is assumed to be conserved, at any point along
the streamline, the total head is always constant
Each term in the Bernoulli equation is a type of head.
P/ = Pressure Head
V
2
/2g = Velocity Head
Z = elevation head
These three heads, summed together, will always equal H

Next we will look at this graphically
Conservation of Energy
Kinetic, potential, and thermal
energy
h
L
=
L t p
h h z
g
V p
h z
g
V p
+ + + + = + + +
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
2 2
o

h
p
=
h
t
=
head supplied by a pump
head given to a turbine
mechanical energy converted to thermal
Cross section 2 is ____________ from cross section 1!
downstream
Point to point or control volume?
Why o? _____________________________________
irreversible
V is average velocity, kinetic energy
2
V
Energy Equation
Assumptions
h p =
p
1

+o
1
V
1
2
2g
+ z
1
+h
p
=
p
2

+o
2
V
2
2
2g
+z
2
+h
t
+ h
L
hydrostatic
density
Steady
kinetic
Pressure is _________ in both cross sections
pressure changes are due to elevation only
section is drawn perpendicular to the streamlines
(otherwise the _______ energy term is incorrect)
Constant ________at the cross section
_______ flow
EGL (or TEL) and HGL
velocity
head
elevation
head (w.r.t.
datum)
pressure
head (w.r.t.
reference pressure)
z
g
V p
EGL + + =
2
2
o

p
HGL + =
downward
lower than reference pressure
The energy grade line must always slope ___________ (in
direction of flow) unless energy is added (pump)
The decrease in total energy represents the head loss or
energy dissipation per unit weight
EGL and HGL are coincident and lie at the free surface for
water at rest (reservoir)
If the HGL falls below the point in the system for which it
is plotted, the local pressures are _____ ____ __________
______
Energy equation
z = 0
pump
Energy Grade Line
Hydraulic G L
velocity head
pressure
head
elevation
datum
z
2g
V
2
o

p
L t p
h h z
g
V p
h z
g
V p
+ + + + = + + +
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
2 2
o

static head
Why is static
head important?
The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line
Lets first understand this drawing:
Q
Measures the
Static Pressure
Measures the
Total Head
1 2
Z
P/
V
2
/2g
EL
HGL
1 2
1: Static Pressure Tap
Measures the sum of the
elevation head and the
pressure Head.
2: Pilot Tube
Measures the Total Head
EL : Energy Line
Total Head along a system
HGL : Hydraulic Grade line
Sum of the elevation and
the pressure heads along a
system
The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line
Q
Z
P/
V
2
/2g
EL
HGL
Understanding the graphical approach of
Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade line is
key to understanding what forces are
supplying the energy that water holds.
V
2
/2g
P/
Z
1
2
Point 1:
Majority of energy
stored in the water is in
the Pressure Head
Point 2:
Majority of energy
stored in the water is in
the elevation head
If the tube was
symmetrical, then the
velocity would be
constant, and the HGL
would be level
Bernoulli Equation
Assumption
const
p
g
V
z = + +
2
2
density
Steady
streamline
Frictionless
_________ (viscosity cant be a
significant parameter!)
Along a __________
______ flow
Constant ________
No pumps, turbines, or head loss
Why no o?
Does direction matter? ____
Useful when head loss is small
point velocity
no
Pipe Flow: Review
2 2
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
2 2
p t L
p V p V
z h z h h
g g
o o

+ + + = + + + +
dimensional analysis
We have the control volume energy
equation for pipe flow.
We need to be able to predict the
relationship between head loss and flow.
How do we get this relationship?
__________ _______.
Example Pipe Flow
Problem
D=20 cm
L=500 m
valve
100 m
Find the discharge, Q.
Describe the process in terms of energy!
cs
1

cs
2

p V
g
z H
p V
g
z H h
p t l
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
o

o + + + = + + + +
z
V
g
z h
l 1
2
2
2
2
= + +
V g z z h
l 2 1 2
2 = a f
Flow Profile for Delaware
Aqueduct
Rondout Reservoir
(EL. 256 m)
West Branch Reservoir
(EL. 153.4 m)
70.5 km
Sea Level
(Designed for 39 m
3
/s)
2 2
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
2 2
p t l
p V p V
z H z H h
g g
o o

+ + + = + + + +
Need a relationship between flow rate and head loss
1 2 l
h z z =
Ratio of Forces
Create ratios of the various forces
The magnitude of the ratio will tell us
which forces are most important and
which forces could be ignored
Which force shall we use to create the
ratios?
Inertia as our Reference
Force
F=ma
Fluids problems (except for statics) include a
velocity (V), a dimension of flow (l), and a
density ()
Substitute V, l, for the dimensions MLT



Substitute for the dimensions of specific force
F a =
F
a

= = f f =
M
L T
2 2
L l = T =
M =
f
i
=
l
V
l
3

V
l
2
Dimensionless
Parameters
Reynolds Number
Froude Number
Weber Number
Mach Number
Pressure/Drag Coefficients

(dependent parameters that we measure experimentally)
Re
Vl r
m
=
Fr
V
gl
=
( )
2
2
C
p
p
V
A
=
o
l V
W
2
=
c
V
M =
A V
d
2
Drag 2
C

=
2
f
u
V
l
=
f
g
g =
2
f
l
o
o
=
2
f
v
E
c
l
r
=
2
f
i
V
l
=
( )
p g z r D + D
Problem solving approach
1. Identify relevant forces and any other relevant parameters
2. If inertia is a relevant force, than the non dimensional Re, Fr,
W, M, Cp numbers can be used
3. If inertia isnt relevant than create new non dimensional force
numbers using the relevant forces
4. Create additional non dimensional terms based on geometry,
velocity, or density if there are repeating parameters
5. If the problem uses different repeating variables then
substitute (for example ed instead of V)
6. Write the functional relationship
Friction Factor : Major
losses
Laminar flow
Hagen-Poiseuille
Turbulent (Smooth, Transition, Rough)
Colebrook Formula
Moody diagram
Swamee-Jain
Laminar Flow Friction
Factor
L
h D
V
l

32
2
=
2
32
gD
LV
h
l

=
g
V
D
L
h
l
2
f
2
=
g
V
D
L
gD
LV
2
f
32
2
2
=

R VD
64 64
f = =

Hagen-Poiseuille
Darcy-Weisbach
Pipe Flow: Dimensional
Analysis
What are the important forces?
______, ______,________. Therefore
________number and _______________ .
What are the important geometric
parameters? _________________________
Create dimensionless geometric groups
______, ______
Write the functional relationship

C
p
f
| |
=
|
\ .
Re, ,
l
D D
c
Inertial
diameter, length, roughness height
Reynolds
l/D
viscous
c/D
2
2
C
V
p
p

A
=
Other repeating parameters?
pressure
Pressure coefficient
Dimensional
Analysis
How will the results of dimensional analysis
guide our experiments to determine the
relationships that govern pipe flow?
If we hold the other two dimensionless
parameters constant and increase the
length to diameter ratio, how will C
p

change?

, Re
p
D
C f
l D
c
| |
=
|
\ .
f , Re
p
D
C f
l D
c
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
2
2
C
V
p
p

A
=
Cp proportional to l
f is friction factor
, , Re
p
l
C f
D D
c
| |
=
|
\ .
Hagen-Poiseuille
Darcy-Weisbach
Laminar Flow Friction
Factor
2
32
l
h D
V
L

=
f
2
32 LV
h
gD

=
2
f
f
2
L V
h
D g
=
2
2
32
f
2
LV L V
gD D g

=
64 64
f
Re VD

= =
Slope of ___ on log-log plot
f
4
128 LQ
h
gD t

=
-1
Viscous Flow in
Pipes



Two important parameters!
R - Laminar or Turbulent
c/D - Rough or Smooth

|
.
|

\
|
= R ,
D
f
l
D
C
p
c
2
2
C
V
p
p

A
=

VD
= R
Viscous Flow:
Dimensional Analysis
Where
and
Transition at R of 2000
Laminar and Turbulent
Flows
Reynolds
apparatus
= =

VD
R
damping
inertia
Boundary layer growth:
Transition length
Pipe
Entrance
What does the water near the pipeline wall experience?
_________________________
Why does the water in the center of the pipeline speed
up? _________________________
v
v
Drag or shear
Conservation of mass
Non-Uniform Flow
v
Need equation for entrance length here
Images - Laminar/Turbulent Flows

Laser - induced florescence image of an
incompressible turbulent boundary layer
Simulation of turbulent flow coming out of a
tailpipe
Laminar flow (Blood Flow)
Laminar flow Turbulent flow
http://www.engineering.uiowa.edu/~cfd/gallery/lim-turb.html
Laminar, Incompressible,
Steady, Uniform Flow
Between Parallel Plates
Through circular tubes
Hagen-Poiseuille Equation
Approach
Because it is laminar flow the shear
forces can be quantified
Velocity profiles can be determined from
a force balance

Laminar Flow through
Circular Tubes
Different geometry, same equation
development (see Streeter, et al. p
268)
Apply equation of motion to cylindrical
sleeve (use cylindrical coordinates)
Laminar Flow through
Circular Tubes: Equations
( ) h p
dl
d r a
u

=
4
2 2
( ) h p
dl
d a
u

+ =
4
2
max
( ) h p
dl
d a
V

+ =
8
2
( ) h p
dl
d a
Q

t
+ =
8
4
Velocity distribution is paraboloid of
revolution therefore _____________
_____________
Q = VA =
Max velocity when r = 0
average velocity
(V) is 1/2 u
max

Vpa
2

a is radius of the tube
Laminar Flow through
Circular Tubes: Diagram
Velocity
Shear
( ) h p
dl
d r a
u

=
4
2 2
( ) h p
dl
d r
dr
du

+ =
2
( ) h p
dl
d r
dr
du
t + = =
2
|
.
|

\
|
=
l
h
r
l
2

t
l
d h
l
4
0

t =
True for Laminar or
Turbulent flow
Shear at the wall
Laminar flow
Laminar flow
Continue
Momentum is
Mass*velocity (m*v)
Momentum per unit volume is
*v
z
Rate of flow of momentum is
*v
z
*dQ
dQ=v
z
2rdr
but
v
z
= constant at a fixed value of r

+v
z
(v2trdr)
z
v
z
(v2trdr)
z +dz
= 0
Laminar flow
Laminar flow
Continue

2trt
zr
r
dz 2t(r + dr)t
zr
r +dr
dz+p
z
2trdr p
z +dz
2trdr + g2trdrdz = 0

t =
dv
z
dr

Q= 2tv
z
dr
0
R
}
=
tR
4
8
Ap
L

Ap = p
z=0
p
z=L
+ gL
Hagen-Poiseuille
The Hagen-Poiseuille
Equation
( ) h p
dl
d a
Q

t
+ =
8
4
|
.
|

\
|
+ = h
p
dl
d D
Q

t
128
4
l
h z
p
z
p
+ + = +
2
2
2
1
1
1

|
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
2
2
1
1
1
z
p
z
p
h
l

|
.
|

\
|
+ A = h
p
h
l

L
h D
Q
l

t
128
4
=
L
h
h
p
dl
d
l
= |
.
|

\
|
+

L
h D
V
l

32
2
=
cv pipe flow
Constant cross section
Laminar pipe flow equations
h or z
p
z
V
g
H
p
z
V
g
H h
p t l
1
1
1 1
1
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
o

o + + + = + + + +
Prof. Dr. Ir. Bambang Triatmodjo, CES-UGM :

Hidraulika I, Beta Ofset Yogyakarta, 1993
Hidraulika II, Beta Ofset Yogyakarta, 1993
Soal-Penyelesaian Hidraulika I, 1994
Soal-Penyelesaian Hidraulika II, 1995
Air mengalir melalui pipa berdiameter
150 mm dan kecepatan 5,5
m/det.Kekentalan kinematik air adalah
1,3 x 10
-4
m2/det. Selidiki tipe aliran
turbulen aliran berarti Karena
x
x
x
v
VD
reynolds Bilangan
4000 Re
10 35 , 6
10 3 , 1
15 , 0 5 , 5
Re
:
5
6
>
= = =

Minyak di pompa melalui pipa
sepanjang 4000 m dan diameter 30
cm dari titik A ke titik B. Titik B
terbuka ke udara luar. Elevasi titik B
adalah 50 di atas titik A. Debit 40 l/det.
Debit aliran 40 l/det. Rapat relatif
S=0,9 dan kekentalan kinematik 2,1 x
10
-4
m2/det. Hitung tekanan di titik A.
er La aliran berarti Karena
x
x
v
VD
reynolds Bilangan
dtk m
x
A
Q
V
aliran Kecepatn
m Z Z A bawah ujung
terhadap B pipa atas ujung Elevasi
m kg S relatif Rapat
dtk m x v kinematik Kekentalan
dtk m Q aliran Debit
m L pipa Panjang
cm D pipa Diameter
A B
min 2000 Re
6 , 808
10 1 , 2
3 , 0 566 , 0
Re
:
/ 566 , 0
3 , 0
4
04 , 0
:
50 : ) (
) (
/ 900 9 , 0 :
/ 10 1 , 2 :
/ 04 , 0 :
4000 :
30 :
4
2
3
2 4
3
<
= = =
= = =
=
= =
=
=
=
=

kPa p
m N p
x x p
m
p
p
V V
hf z
g
V p
z
g
V p
m
x
x x x
gD
vVL
hf
tenaga Kehilangan
A
A
A
A
A
B A
B
B B
A
A A
574 , 593
/ 574 , 593
81 , 9 900 23 , 67
23 , 67
23 , 17 50 0 0
2 2
23 , 17
3 , 0 82 , 9
4000 , 566 , 0 10 1 , 2 32 32
2
2 2
2
4
2
=
=
=
=
+ + = +
=
+ + + = + +
= = =

Minyak dipompa melalui pipa
berdiameter 25 cm dan panjang 10 km
dengan debit aliran 0,02 m3/dtk. Pipa
terletak miring dengan kemiringan
1:200. Rapat minyak S=0,9 dan
keketnalan kinematik v=2,1x 10
-4

m2/det. Apabila tekanan pada ujung
atas adalah p=10 kPA ditanyakan
tekanan di ujung bawah.
er La aliran berarti Karena
x
x
v
VD
reynolds Bilangan
dtk m
x
A
Q
V
aliran Kecepatn
Nm kPa pB B di Tekanan
m kg S relatif Rapat
dtk m x v kinematik Kekentalan
dtk m Q aliran Debit
pipa Kemiringan
m L pipa Panjang
cm D pipa Diameter
min 2000 Re
485
10 1 , 2
25 , 0 4074 , 0
Re
:
/ 4074 , 0
25 , 0
4
02 , 0
:
000 . 10 10 :
/ 900 9 , 0 :
/ 10 1 , 2 :
/ 02 , 0 :
200 : 1 :
000 . 10 :
25 :
4
2
2
3
2 4
3
<
= = =
= = =
= =
= =
=
=
=
=

kPa p
m N p
x x p
m
p
x
p
V V
hf z
g
V p
z
g
V p
m x z
ujung kedua elevasi Selisih
m
x
x x x x
gD
vVL
hf
tenaga Kehilangan
A
A
A
A
A
B A
B
B B
A
A A
642 , 845
/ 642 , 845
81 , 9 900 78 , 95
78 , 95
65 , 44 50
81 , 9 900
000 . 10
0
2 2
50 000 . 10
200
1
:
65 , 44
25 , 0 82 , 9
10000 4074 , 0 10 1 , 2 32 32
2
2 2
2
4
2
=
=
=
=
+ + = +
=
+ + + = + +
= =
=
= =

Turbulent Pipe and
Channel Flow: Overview
Velocity distributions
Energy Losses
Steady Incompressible Flow through
Simple Pipes
Steady Uniform Flow in Open Channels

Turbulence
A characteristic of the flow.
How can we characterize turbulence?
intensity of the velocity fluctuations
size of the fluctuations (length scale)
mean
velocity
instantaneous
velocity
velocity
fluctuation
t
u u u
'
+ =
u
u
Turbulent flow
When fluid flow at higher flowrates,
the streamlines are not steady and
straight and the flow is not laminar.
Generally, the flow field will vary in
both space and time with fluctuations
that comprise "turbulence
For this case almost all terms in the
Navier-Stokes equations are important
and there is no simple solution
AP = AP (D, , , L, U,)
u
z

z

U
z
average
u
r

r

U
r
average
p
P
p
average
Time
Turbulent flow
All previous parameters involved three fundamental dimensions,
Mass, length, and time
From these parameters, three dimensionless groups can be build

AP
U
2
= f (Re,
L
D
)

Re =
UD

=
inertia
Viscous forces
Turbulence: Size of the
Fluctuations or Eddies
Eddies must be smaller than the physical
dimension of the flow
Generally the largest eddies are of similar size
to the smallest dimension of the flow
Examples of turbulence length scales
rivers: ________________
pipes: _________________
lakes: ____________________
Actually a spectrum of eddy sizes
depth (R = 500)
diameter (R = 2000)
depth to thermocline
Turbulence: Flow
Instability
In turbulent flow (high Reynolds number) the force
leading to stability (_________) is small relative to
the force leading to instability (_______).
Any disturbance in the flow results in large scale
motions superimposed on the mean flow.
Some of the kinetic energy of the flow is transferred
to these large scale motions (eddies).
Large scale instabilities gradually lose kinetic energy
to smaller scale motions.
The kinetic energy of the smallest eddies is
dissipated by viscous resistance and turned into heat.
(=___________)
head loss
viscosity
inertia
Velocity Distributions
Turbulence causes transfer of momentum from
center of pipe to fluid closer to the pipe wall.
Mixing of fluid (transfer of momentum) causes
the central region of the pipe to have relatively
_______velocity (compared to laminar flow)
Close to the pipe wall eddies are smaller (size
proportional to distance to the boundary)
constant
Turbulent Flow Velocity
Profile
dy
du
t =
dy
du
q t =
I I
u l q
dy
du
l u
I I

dy
du
l
I
2
q
Length scale and velocity of large eddies
y
Turbulent shear is from momentum transfer
h = eddy viscosity
Dimensional analysis
Turbulent Flow Velocity
Profile
y l
I
k =
dy
du
y
2 2
k q =
2
2 2
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
dy
du
y k t
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
dy
du
y k

t
dy
du
l
I
2
q
dy
du
q t =
Size of the eddies __________ as we
move further from the wall.
increases
k = 0.4 (from experiments)
Log Law for Turbulent,
Established Flow, Velocity
Profiles
5 . 5 ln
1
*
*
+ =
v k
yu
u
u

t
0
*
= u
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
dy
du
y k

t
I
u u ~
*
Shear velocity
Integration and empirical results
Laminar Turbulent
x
y
Pipe Flow: The Problem
We have the control volume energy
equation for pipe flow
We need to be able to predict the
head loss term.
We will use the results we obtained
using dimensional analysis
Friction Factor : Major
losses
Laminar flow
Hagen-Poiseuille
Turbulent (Smooth, Transition, Rough)
Colebrook Formula
Moody diagram
Swamee-Jain
Turbulent Pipe Flow Head
Loss
___________ to the length of the pipe
Proportional to the _______ of the velocity
(almost)
________ with surface roughness
Is a function of density and viscosity
Is __________ of pressure

Proportional
Increases
independent
2
f
f
2
L V
h
D g
=
square
(used to draw the Moody diagram)
Smooth, Transition, Rough
Turbulent Flow
Hydraulically smooth
pipe law (von
Karman, 1930)
Rough pipe law (von
Karman, 1930)
Transition function
for both smooth and
rough pipe laws
(Colebrook)
1 Re f
2log
2.51
f
| |
=
|
\ .
1 2.51
2log
3.7
f Re f
D c | |
= +
|
\ .
1 3.7
2log
f
D
c
| |
=
|
\ .
2
f
2
f
L V
h
D g
=
Pipe Flow Energy Losses

p
h
l
A
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= R , f
D
f
L
D
C
p
c
2
2
C
V
p
p

A
=
2
2
C
V
gh
l
p
=
L
D
V
gh
l
2
2
f =
g
V
D
L
h
l
2
f
2
=
Horizontal pipe
Dimensional Analysis
Darcy-Weisbach equation
p V
g
z h
p V
g
z h h
p t l
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
o

o + + + = + + + +
Turbulent Pipe Flow Head
Loss
___________ to the length of the pipe
___________ to the square of the
velocity (almost)
________ with the diameter (almost)
________ with surface roughness
Is a function of density and viscosity
Is __________ of pressure

Proportional
Proportional
Inversely
Increase
independent
Surface Roughness
Additional dimensionless group c/D need
to be characterize
Thus more than one curve on friction factor-
Reynolds number plot
Fanning diagram or Moody diagram
Depending on the laminar region.
If, at the lowest Reynolds numbers, the laminar portion
corresponds to f =16/Re Fanning Chart
or f = 64/Re Moody chart
Friction Factor for Smooth, Transition, and
Rough Turbulent flow

1
f
= 4.0 * log Re* f
| |
0.4
Smooth pipe, Re>3000

1
f
= 4.0 * log
D
c
+ 2.28
Rough pipe, [ (D/c)/(Re) <0.01]

1
f
= 4.0*log
D
c
+ 2.28 4.0* log 4.67
D/c
Re f
+1



(

(
Transition function
for both smooth and
rough pipe

f =
AP
L
D
2U
2

f = 0.079Re
0.25
Smooth, Transition, Rough
Turbulent Flow
Hydraulically smooth
pipe law (von
Karman, 1930)
Rough pipe law (von
Karman, 1930)
Transition function
for both smooth and
rough pipe laws
(Colebrook)
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
51 . 2
Re
log 2
1 f
f
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
c
D
f
7 . 3
log 2
1
g
V
D
L
f h
f
2
2
=
(used to draw the Moody diagram)
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
f
D
f Re
51 . 2
7 . 3
log 2
1 c
Moody Diagram
0.01
0.10
1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07 1E+08
R
f
r
i
c
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r

laminar
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0.001
0.0008
0.0004
0.0002
0.0001
0.00005
smooth
|
.
|

\
|
=
l
D
C
p
f
D
c
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.08
Fanning Diagram
f =16/Re

1
f
= 4.0 * log
D
c
+ 2.28

1
f
= 4.0*log
D
c
+ 2.28 4.0* log 4.67
D/c
Re f
+1



(

(
Swamee-Jain
1976
limitations
c/D < 2 x 10
-2
Re >3 x 10
3

less than 3% deviation
from results obtained
with Moody diagram
easy to program for
computer or
calculator use
5/ 2
f
3/ 2
f
1.78
2.22 log
3.7
gh
Q D
L D
gh
D
L
c v
| |
|
| = +
|
|
\ .
0.04
4.75 5.2
2
1.25 9.4
f f
0.66
LQ L
D Q
gh gh
c v
(
| | | |
= + (
| |
(
\ . \ .

2
0.9
0.25
f
5.74
log
3.7 Re D
c
=
(
| |
+
|
(
\ .

no f
Each equation has two terms. Why?
f
gh
L
h
f

Colebrook Solution for Q
1 2.51
2log
3.7
f Re f
D c | |
= +
|
\ .
2
f
2 5
8
f
LQ
h
g D t
=
2
2 5
f
1 1 8
f
LQ
h g D t
=
Re =
4Q
D t v
2 5
f
2
4
Re f
8
Q g D
h
D LQ
t
t v
=
3
f
2 1
Re f
gh D
L v
=
2
1 2.51
4 log
f 3.7
Re f
D c | |
= +
|
\ .
f
2 5 2
8
f
h g
D LQ t
=
Colebrook Solution for Q
2
2
2 5
3
f
f
1 8 2.51
4 log
3.7
2 1
LQ
h g D D
gh D
L
c
t
v
| |
|
|
= +
|
|
\ .
5/ 2
3
f
f
2 2.51
log
3.7
2 1
L Q
gh D D
gh D
L
c
t
v
| |
|
|
= +
|
|
\ .
5/ 2
f
3
f
log 2.51
3.7 2
2
gh L
Q D
L D gh D
t c
v
| |

= +
|
\ .
Swamee
D?
0.04
5 1/ 4 5 1/ 5
2 2 2 2
1.25
0.66
Q Q Q Q
D
g g Q g g
v
c

(
| | | | | | | |
= + (
| | | |
' ' ' '
( \ . \ . \ . \ .

1/ 25
1/ 5 1/ 4 1/ 5
2 2 2
5/ 4
0.66
Q Q Q
D
g g Q g
v
c

(
| | | | | |
= + (
| | |
' ' '
( \ . \ . \ .

2
f
2 5
8
f
LQ
h
g D t
=
2
5
2
8
f
Q
D
g t
=
'
2
5
2
64
f
8
Q
D
g t
=
'
1/ 5
1/ 4 1/ 5
2 2
5/ 4
2
64
f
Q Q
g Q g
v
c
t

(
| | | |
= + (
| |
' '
( \ . \ .

1/ 5
2
2
64
f
8
Q
D
g t
(
| |
=
(
|
'
\ .

1/ 5
1/ 5
1/ 4 1/ 5
2 2 2
5/ 4
8
Q Q Q
D
g g Q g
v
c


(
| | | | | |

= + (
`
| | |
' ' '
( \ . \ . \ .


)
1/ 5
1/ 4 1/ 5
2
2 2
5/ 4
1
f
4 4
Q Q
g Q g
t v
c

(
| | | |
| |
= + (
| | |
' '
\ .
( \ . \ .

Pipe roughness
pipe material pipe roughness c (mm)
glass, drawn brass, copper 0.0015
commercial steel or wrought iron 0.045
asphalted cast iron 0.12
galvanized iron 0.15
cast iron 0.26
concrete 0.18-0.6
rivet steel 0.9-9.0
corrugated metal 45
PVC
0.12
c
d
Must be
dimensionless!
Solution Techniques
find head loss given (D, type of pipe, Q)
find flow rate given (head, D, L, type of pipe)
find pipe size given (head, type of pipe,L, Q)
0.04
4.75 5.2
2
1.25 9.4
f f
0.66
LQ L
D Q
gh gh
c v
(
| | | |
= + (
| |
(
\ . \ .

2
2 5
8
f
f
LQ
h
g D t
=
2
0.9
0.25
f
5.74
log
3.7 Re D
c
=
(
| |
+
|
(
\ .

Re =
4Q
D t v
5/ 2
f
3
f
log 2.51
3.7 2
2
gh L
Q D
L D gh D
t c
v
| |

= +
|
\ .
Exponential Friction
Formulas
f
n
m
RLQ
h
D
=

=
units SI
675 . 10
units USC
727 . 4
n
n
C
C
R
1.852
f
4.8704
10.675
SI units
L Q
h
D C

=

C = Hazen-Williams coefficient
range of data
Commonly used in commercial and
industrial settings
Only applicable over _____ __ ____
collected
Hazen-Williams exponential friction
formula
Head loss:
Hazen-Williams Coefficient
C Condition
150 PVC
140 Extremely smooth, straight pipes; asbestos
cement
130 Very smooth pipes; concrete; new cast iron
120 Wood stave; new welded steel
110 Vitrified clay; new riveted steel
100 Cast iron after years of use
95 Riveted steel after years of use
60-80 Old pipes in bad condition
Hazen-Williams
vs
Darcy-Weisbach
1.852
f
4.8704
10.675
SI units
L Q
h
D C
| |
=
|
\ .
2
f
2 5
8
f
LQ
h
g D t
=
preferred
Both equations are empirical
Darcy-Weisbach is dimensionally correct,
and ________.
Hazen-Williams can be considered valid only
over the range of gathered data.
Hazen-Williams cant be extended to other
fluids without further experimentation.
Non-Circular Conduits:
Hydraulic Radius Concept
A is cross sectional area
P is wetted perimeter
R
h
is the Hydraulic Radius
(Area/Perimeter)
Dont confuse with radius!
2
f
2
f
L V
h
D g
=
2
f
f
4 2
h
L V
h
R g
=
2
4
4
h
D
A D
R
P D
p
p
= = =
4
h
D R =
For a pipe
We can use Moody diagram or Swamee-Jain with D = 4R
h
!
Pipe Flow Summary (1)
Shear increases _________ with
distance from the center of the pipe (for
both laminar and turbulent flow)
Laminar flow losses and velocity
distributions can be derived based on
momentum and energy conservation
Turbulent flow losses and velocity
distributions require ___________
results

linearly
experimental
Pipe Flow Summary (2)
Energy equation left us with the elusive
head loss term
Dimensional analysis gave us the form of
the head loss term (pressure coefficient)
Experiments gave us the relationship
between the pressure coefficient and the
geometric parameters and the Reynolds
number (results summarized on Moody
diagram)
Questions
Can the Darcy-Weisbach equation and
Moody Diagram be used for fluids other
than water? _____ Yes
No
Yes
Yes
What about the Hazen-Williams equation? ___
Does a perfectly smooth pipe have head loss?
_____
Is it possible to decrease the head loss in a
pipe by installing a smooth liner? ______
Darcy Weisbach
Major and Minor Losses
Major Losses:
H
maj
= f x (L/D)(V2/2g)

f = friction factor L = pipe length D = pipe diameter
V = Velocity g = gravity

Minor Losses:
H
min
= K
L
(V
2
/2g)
K
l
= sum of loss coefficients V = Velocity g = gravity

When solving problems, the loss terms are added to the system at the
second point

P
1
/ + V
1
2
/2g + z
1
= P
2
/ + V
2
2
/2g + z
2
+ H
maj
+ H
min


Hitung kehilangan tenaga karena gesekan di
dalam pipa sepanjang 1500 m dan diameter
20 cm, apabila air mengalir dengan
kecepatan 2 m/det. Koefisien gesekan
f=0,02

Penyelesaian :
Panjang pipa : L = 1500 m
Diameter pipa : D = 20 cm = 0,2 m
Kecepatan aliran : V = 2 m/dtk
Koefisien gesekan f = 0,02

m
x x
x
g
V
D
L
f hf
tenaga Kehilangan
58 , 30
81 , 9 2 2 , 0
2 1500
02 , 0
2
2
2
=
=
=
Air melalui pipa sepanjang 1000 m dan
diameternya 150 mm dengan debit 50 l/det.
Hitung kehilangan tenaga karenagesekan
apabila koefisien gesekan f = 0,02

Penyelesaian :
Panjang pipa : L = 1000 m
Diameter pipa : D = 0,15 m
Debit aliran : Q = 50 liter/detik
Koefisien gesekan f = 0,02

m
x x
x x
Q
D g
L
f hf
tenaga Kehilangan
4 , 54
) 015 , 0 ( 81 , 9
1000 02 , 0 8
02 , 0
8
2 2
5
5 2
=
=
=
t
t
Hitung kehilangan tenaga karena gesekan di
dalam pipa sepanjang 1500 m dan diameter
20 cm, apabila air mengalir dengan
kecepatan 2 m/det. Koefisien gesekan
f=0,02

Penyelesaian :
Panjang pipa : L = 1500 m
Diameter pipa : D = 20 cm = 0,2 m
Kecepatan aliran : V = 2 m/dtk
Koefisien gesekan f = 0,02

m
x x
x
g
V
D
L
f hf
tenaga Kehilangan
58 , 30
81 , 9 2 2 , 0
2 1500
02 , 0
2
2
2
=
=
=
Air melalui pipa sepanjang 1000 m dan
diameternya 150 mm dengan debit 50 l/det.
Hitung kehilangan tenaga karenagesekan
apabila koefisien gesekan f = 0,02

Penyelesaian :
Panjang pipa : L = 1000 m
Diameter pipa : D = 0,15 m
Debit aliran : Q = 50 liter/detik
Koefisien gesekan f = 0,02

m
x x
x x
Q
D g
L
f hf
tenaga Kehilangan
4 , 54
) 015 , 0 ( 81 , 9
1000 05 , 0 8
02 , 0
8
5 2
5
5
5 2
=
=
=
t
t
Example
Solve for the Pressure Head, Velocity Head, and Elevation Head at each
point, and then plot the Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line
1
2
3 4
1
4

H2O
= 62.4 lbs/ft
3

Assumptions and Hints:
P
1
and P
4
= 0 --- V
3
= V
4
same diameter tube
We must work backwards to solve this problem

R = .5
R = .25
1
2
3 4
1
4

H2O
= 62.4 lbs/ft
3

Point 1:
Pressure Head : Only atmospheric P
1
/ = 0
Velocity Head : In a large tank, V
1
= 0 V
1
2
/2g = 0
Elevation Head : Z
1
= 4
R = .5
R = .25
1
2
3 4
1
4

H2O
= 62.4 lbs/ft
3

Point 4:
Apply the Bernoulli equation between 1 and 4
0 + 0 + 4 = 0 + V
4
2
/2(32.2) + 1
V
4
= 13.9 ft/s
Pressure Head : Only atmospheric P
4
/ = 0
Velocity Head : V
4
2
/2g = 3
Elevation Head : Z
4
= 1
R = .5
R = .25
1
2
3 4
1
4

H2O
= 62.4 lbs/ft
3

Point 3:
Apply the Bernoulli equation between 3 and 4 (V
3
=V
4
)
P
3
/62.4 + 3 + 1 = 0 + 3 + 1
P
3
= 0
Pressure Head : P
3
/ = 0
Velocity Head : V
3
2
/2g = 3
Elevation Head : Z
3
= 1
R = .5
R = .25
1
2
3 4
1
4

H2O
= 62.4 lbs/ft
3

Point 2:
Apply the Bernoulli equation between 2 and 3
P
2
/62.4 + V
2
2
/2(32.2) + 1 = 0 + 3 + 1
Apply the Continuity Equation
(.5
2
)V
2
= (.25
2
)x13.9 V
2
= 3.475 ft/s
P
2
/62.4 + 3.475
2
/2(32.2) + 1 = 4 P
2
= 175.5 lbs/ft
2

R = .5
R = .25
Pressure Head :
P
2
/ = 2.81

Velocity Head :
V
2
2
/2g = .19

Elevation Head :
Z
2
= 1

Plotting the EL and HGL
Energy Line = Sum of the Pressure, Velocity and Elevation heads
Hydraulic Grade Line = Sum of the Pressure and Velocity heads
EL
HGL
Z=1 Z=1
Z=1
V
2
/2g=3 V
2
/2g=3
Z=4
P/
=2.81
V
2
/2g=.19
Pipe Flow and the Energy Equation
For pipe flow, the Bernoulli equation alone is not sufficient. Friction loss
along the pipe, and momentum loss through diameter changes and
corners take head (energy) out of a system that theoretically conserves
energy. Therefore, to correctly calculate the flow and pressures in pipe
systems, the Bernoulli Equation must be modified.
P
1
/ + V
1
2
/2g + z
1
= P
2
/ + V
2
2
/2g + z
2
+ H
maj
+ H
min
Major losses: H
maj

Major losses occur over the entire pipe, as the friction of the fluid over
the pipe walls removes energy from the system. Each type of pipe as a
friction factor, f, associated with it.


H
maj

Energy line with no losses
Energy line with major losses
1 2
Pipe Flow and the Energy Equation
Minor Losses : H
min

Momentum losses in Pipe diameter changes and in pipe bends are called
minor losses. Unlike major losses, minor losses do not occur over the
length of the pipe, but only at points of momentum loss. Since Minor
losses occur at unique points along a pipe, to find the total minor loss
throughout a pipe, sum all of the minor losses along the pipe. Each
type of bend, or narrowing has a loss coefficient, K
L
to go with it.


Minor
Losses
Minor Losses
We previously obtained losses through an
expansion using conservation of energy,
momentum, and mass
Most minor losses can not be obtained
analytically, so they must be measured
Minor losses are often expressed as a loss
coefficient, K, times the velocity head.
g
V
K h
2
2
=
( ) R , geometry f C
p
=
2
2
C
V
p
p

A
=
2
2
C
V
gh
l
p
=
g
V
h
p l
2
C
2
=
High R
Head Loss: Minor Losses
potential thermal
Vehicle drag Hydraulic jump
Vena contracta Minor losses!
Head loss due to
outlet, inlet, bends, elbows, valves, pipe size
changes
Flow expansions have high losses
Kinetic energy decreases across expansion
Kinetic energy ________ and _________ energy
Examples ________________________________
__________________________________________
Losses can be minimized by gradual transitions
Minor Losses
Most minor losses can not be obtained
analytically, so they must be measured
Minor losses are often expressed as a
loss coefficient, K, times the velocity
head.

2
2
l
V
h K
g
=
( )
geometry, Re
p
C f =
2
2
C
V
gh
l
p
=
g
V
h
p l
2
C
2
=
High Re
Head Loss due to Gradual
Expansion (Diffusor)

( )
g
V V
K h
E E
2
2
2 1

=
diffusor angle ( )
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0 20 40 60 80
K
E

2
1
2
2
2
1
2
|
.
|

\
|
=
A
A
g
V
K h
E E
Sudden Contraction
losses are reduced with a gradual contraction
g
V
C
h
c
c
2
1
1
2
2
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
A
A
C
c
c
=
V
1

V
2

flow separation
Sudden Contraction
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
A
2
/A
1

C
c

h
C
V
g
c
c
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
1
1
2
2
2
2
Q CA gh
orifice orifice
= 2
g
V
K h
e e
2
2
=
0 . 1 ~
e
K
5 . 0 ~
e
K
04 . 0 ~
e
K
Entrance Losses
Losses can be
reduced by
accelerating the
flow gradually and
eliminating the
vena contracta
Head Loss in Bends
Head loss is a
function of the ratio
of the bend radius to
the pipe diameter
(R/D)
Velocity distribution
returns to normal
several pipe
diameters
downstream
High pressure
Low pressure
Possible
separation
from wall
D
g
V
K h
b b
2
2
=
K
b
varies from 0.6 - 0.9
R
Head Loss in Valves
Function of valve type and valve
position
The complex flow path through
valves can result in high head
loss (of course, one of the
purposes of a valve is to create
head loss when it is not fully
open)
g
V
K h
v v
2
2
=
Solution Techniques
Neglect minor losses
Equivalent pipe lengths
Iterative Techniques
Simultaneous Equations
Pipe Network Software

Iterative Techniques for
D and Q (given total head
loss)
Assume all head loss is major head
loss.
Calculate D or Q using Swamee-Jain
equations
Calculate minor losses
Find new major losses by subtracting
minor losses from total head loss
Solution Technique: Head
Loss
Can be solved directly







+ =
minor f l
h h h
g
V
K h
minor
2
2
=
5
2
2
8
D
LQ
g
f h
f
t
=
2
9 . 0
Re
74 . 5
7 . 3
log
25 . 0
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
D
f
c
4 2
2
8
D g
Q
K h
minor
t
=
v tD
Q 4
Re =
Solution Technique:
Discharge or Pipe Diameter
Iterative technique
Set up simultaneous equations in Excel

+ =
minor f l
h h h
4 2
2
8
D g
Q
K h
minor
t
=
5
2
2
8
D
LQ
g
f h
f
t
=
2
9 . 0
Re
74 . 5
7 . 3
log
25 . 0
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
D
f
c
v tD
Q 4
Re =
Use goal seek or Solver to
find discharge that makes the
calculated head loss equal
the given head loss.
Example: Minor and
Major Losses
Find the maximum dependable flow between the
reservoirs for a water temperature range of 4C
to 20C.
Water
2500 m of 8 PVC pipe
1500 m of 6 PVC pipe
Gate valve wide open
Standard elbows
Reentrant pipes at reservoirs
25 m elevation difference in reservoir water levels
Sudden contraction
Directions
Assume fully turbulent (rough pipe law)
find f from Moody (or from von Karman)
Find total head loss
Solve for Q using symbols (must include
minor losses) (no iteration required)
Obtain values for minor losses from notes or
text
Example (Continued)
What are the Reynolds number in the
two pipes?
Where are we on the Moody Diagram?
What value of K would the valve have
to produce to reduce the discharge by
50%?
What is the effect of temperature?
Why is the effect of temperature so
small?
Example (Continued)
Were the minor losses negligible?
Accuracy of head loss calculations?
What happens if the roughness
increases by a factor of 10?
If you needed to increase the flow by
30% what could you do?
Suppose I changed 6 pipe, what is
minimum diameter needed?
Pipe Flow Summary (3)
Dimensionally correct equations fit to the
empirical results can be incorporated into
computer or calculator solution techniques
Minor losses are obtained from the pressure
coefficient based on the fact that the
pressure coefficient is _______ at high
Reynolds numbers
Solutions for discharge or pipe diameter often
require iterative or computer solutions
constant
Loss Coefficients
Use this table to find loss coefficients:
Head Loss due to Sudden
Expansion:
Conservation of Energy
1 2
l t p
h H
g
V
z
p
H
g
V
z
p
+ + + + = + + +
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
1
1 1
1
1
o

l
h
g
V V p p
+

2
2
1
2
2 2 1

g
V V p p
h
l
2
2
2
2
1 2 1

+

z
1
= z
2
What is p
1
- p
2
?
Apply in direction of flow
Neglect surface shear
Divide by (A
2
)
Head Loss due to Sudden Expansion:
Conservation of Momentum
Pressure is applied over all of
section 1.
Momentum is transferred over
area corresponding to
upstream pipe diameter.
V
1
is velocity upstream.
ss p p
F F F W M M + + + = +
2 1
2 1
1 2
x x
p p x x
F F M M
2 1
2 1
+ = +
1
2
1 1
A V M
x
=
2
2
2 2
A V M
x
=
2 2 2 1 2
2
2 1
2
1
A p A p A V A V = +
g
A
A
V V
p p
2
1
2
1
2
2
2 1

=

A
1

A
2

x
Energy
Head Loss due to
Sudden Expansion
g
V V p p
h
l
2
2
2
2
1 2 1

+

g
A
A
V V
p p
2
1
2
1
2
2
2 1

=

1
2
2
1
V
V
A
A
=
g
V V
g
V
V
V V
h
l
2
2
2
2
1 1
2
2
1
2
2

=
g
V V V V
h
l
2
2
2
1 2 1
2
2
+
=
( )
g
V V
h
l
2
2
2 1

=
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
|
.
|

\
|
=
A
A
g
V
h
l
2
2
1
1 |
.
|

\
|
=
A
A
K
Momentum
Mass
Contraction
V
1
V
2
EGL
HGL
vena contracta
g
V
K h
c c
2
2
2
=
losses are reduced with a gradual contraction
Expansion!!!
Questions:
In the rough pipe law region if the flow rate
is doubled (be as specific as possible)
What happens to the major head loss?
What happens to the minor head loss?
Why do contractions have energy loss?
If you wanted to compare the importance of
minor vs. major losses for a specific
pipeline, what dimensionless terms could
you compare?
Entrance Losses
Losses can be
reduced by
accelerating the
flow gradually and
eliminating the
vena contracta

K
e
~ 0.5

K
e
~ 1.0

K
e
~ 0.04

h
e
= K
e
V
2
2g
reentrant
Head Loss in Valves
Function of valve type
and valve position
The complex flow path
through valves often
results in high head loss
What is the maximum
value that K
v
can have?
_____

h
v
= K
v
V
2
2g

How can K be greater than 1?
Questions
What is the head
loss when a pipe
enters a
reservoir?

Draw the EGL
and HGL
V
g
V
2
2
EGL
HGL
2
2
1
1 |
.
|

\
|
=
A
A
K
Example
D=40 cm
L=1000 m
D=20 cm
L=500 m
valve
100 m
Find the discharge, Q.
What additional information do you need?
Apply energy equation
How could you get a quick estimate? _________________
Or spreadsheet solution: find head loss as function of Q.
Use S-J on small pipe
l t p
h H
g
V
z
p
H
g
V
z
p
+ + + + = + + +
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
1
1 1
1
1
o

cs
1

cs
2

2
2
100
2
l
V
m h
g
= +
Pipe Flow Example
1
2
Z
2
= 130 m
130 m
7 m
60 m
r/D = 2
Z
1
= ?

oil
= 8.82 kN/m
3
f = .035
If oil flows from the upper to lower reservoir at a velocity of
1.58 m/s in the 15 cm diameter smooth pipe, what is the
elevation of the oil surface in the upper reservoir?
Include major losses along the pipe, and the minor losses
associated with the entrance, the two bends, and the outlet.
K
out
=1

r/D = 0
Pipe Flow Example
1
2
Z
2
= 130 m
130 m
7 m
60 m
r/D = 2
Z
1
= ?

oil
= 8.82 kN/m
3
f = .035
K
out
=1

r/D = 0
Apply Bernoullis equation between points 1 and 2:
Assumptions: P
1
= P
2
= Atmospheric = 0 V
1
= V
2
= 0 (large tank)
0 + 0 + Z
1
= 0 + 0 + 130m + H
maj
+ H
min
H
maj
= (fxLxV
2)
/(Dx2g)=(.035 x 197m x (1.58m/s)
2
)/(.15 x 2 x 9.8m/s
2)
H
maj
= 5.85m
Pipe Flow Example
1
2
Z
2
= 130 m
130 m
7 m
60 m
r/D = 2
Z
1
= ?

oil
= 8.82 kN/m
3
f = .035
K
out
=1

r/D = 0
0 + 0 + Z
1
= 0 + 0 + 130m + 5.85m + H
min
H
min
= 2K
bend
V
2
/2g + K
ent
V
2
/2g + K
out
V
2
/2g
From Loss Coefficient table: K
bend
= 0.19 K
ent
= 0.5 K
out
= 1
H
min
= (0.19x2 + 0.5 + 1) x (1.58
2
/2x9.8)
H
min
= 0.24 m
Pipe Flow Example
1
2
Z
2
= 130 m
130 m
7 m
60 m
r/D = 2
Z
1
= ?

oil
= 8.82 kN/m
3
f = .035
K
out
=1

r/D = 0
0 + 0 + Z
1
= 0 + 0 + 130m + H
maj
+ H
min
0 + 0 + Z
1
= 0 + 0 + 130m + 5.85m + 0.24m
Z
1
= 136.09 meters

Pipa ekivalen
Digunakan untuk menyederhanakan
sistem yang ditinjau
Ciri khasnya adalah memiliki
keserupaan hidrolis dengan kondisi
nyatanya Q, hf sama
Pipa ekivalen dapat dinyatakan melalui
ekivalensi l,D,f