Definitions

Mycologists--scientists who study fungi Mycology--scientific discipline dealing with fungi Mycoses--diseases caused in animals by fungi

What is a fungus?
A eukaryotic, heterotrophic organism devoid of chlorophyll that obtains its nutrients by absorption, and reproduces by spores. The primary carbohydrate storage product of fungi is glycogen. Most fungi have a thallus composed of hyphae (sing. hypha) that elongate by tip growth

The fungal thallus consists of hyphae; a mass of hyphae is a mycelium.

Structure of fungi

The Characteristics of Fungi

Fungi are NOT plants Hyphae = tubular units of construction Heterotrophic by absorption Reproduce by spores Ecologically pivotal roles

Hyphae
Tubular Hard wall of chitin Cross walls may form compartments ( cells) Multinucleate Grow at tips

Heterotrophic by Absorption
Fungi get carbon from organic sources Hyphal tips release enzymes Enzymatic breakdown of substrate Products diffuse back into hyphae
Nucleus hangs back and directs

Product diffuses back into hypha and is used

Modifications of hyphae

Hyphal growth
Hyphae grow from their tips Mycelium = extensive, feeding web of hyphae Mycelia are the ecologically active bodies of fungi
This wall is rigid

Only the tip wall is plastic and stretches

Hyphal growth from spore

germinating spore

mycelium

Reproduce by spores
Spores are reproductive cells Sexual Asexual Formed: Directly on hyphae Inside sporangia Fruiting bodies

Pilobolus sporangia

Amanita fruiting body

Penicillium hyphae

Kingdom Nutritional Type Multicellularity

Fungi Chemoheterotroph All, except yeasts Unicellular, filamentous, fleshy Absorptive Sexual and asexual spores None

Cellular Arrangement
Food Acquisition Method Characteristic Features Embryo Formation

Fungi are ancient

Major fungal lineages are ancient, perhaps emerging one billion years ago Fungi were present before the emergence of animals and vascular plants

Old and Modern Classification

Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) the Father of Taxonomy Minerals exist; plants exist and live; animals exist, live and sense. Plants without obvious sexual organs were classified in Class Cryptogamia (lichens, fungi, mosses, ferns) Fungi are primitive (asli) plants under this classification of organisms.

Old Classification
The Five kingdom system Eukarya (includes all organism with a nucleus & membrane bound organelles) Plants and Animals are fairly obvious
(ketara)

Fungi, are very distinct (berlainan) from the other kingdoms Kingdom Protista is a dumping ground for organisms that dont fit into the other eukaryotic kingdoms (Whittaker, 1969)

Modern Classification
At least 7 kingdoms are now recognized: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Animalia, Plantae, Eumycota, Stramenopila (Chromista), Protoctista (Protozoa, Protista)

Systems of classifying fungi

1) 1860
HOGG proposed the term PROTOCTISTA - fungi and neither Plant or Animal. This kingdom composed mostly of unicellular organisms. The kingdom was later replaced by 2 kingdoms MYCOTA & MONERA (prokaryotes) and PROTOCTISTA(eukaryotes). 2) 1947 Microscopes enable study of complex structural characteristics. New classification (WOLF & WOLF, 1947) 3) 1969 Fungi in its own kingdom by WHITTAKER FUNGI KINGDOM.

Systems of classifying fungi

4) 1998 Modification by MARGUILIS & SCHWARTZ used characteristics (structure & function).

MONERA: Prokaryotes bacteria, actinomycetes, blue-green algae. PROTOCTISTA: Eukaryotes protozoa and other unicellular and colonial organisms such as water moulds, slime moulds and slime nets. FUNGI : Eukaryotes organisms that lack flagella that develop from spores such as yeast, molds, rusts and mushrooms. PLANTAE: Eukaryotes organisms that develop from embryos such as liverworts, mosses and vascular plants. ANIMALIA: Eukaryotes organisms that develop from a blastula (hollow ball of cells) such a sponges, worms, arthropods and mammals.

MARGUILIS & SCHWARTZ(1998)

Classify the fungi into 3 phyla : Zygomycota, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Chytrids (CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA) in the Kingdom Proctista. Deuteromycota with their closest relatives that are the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Lichen with the Phylum Ascomycota.

Other classifications
MOORE, 1998 (quoted from Pfieffer, M., et al., 2001) states that plants, animals and fungi can be separated based on how they obtain energy. Plants possess (memiliki) chloroplasts as photosynthetic structures used to produce food. Animals possess mitochondria used for internalized digestion. Fungi excrete enzymes into the food source they live within external digestion.

Classification using molecular research techniques

BALDAUF & PALMER (1993), WAINWRIGHT et al. (1993) and HASEGAWA et al (1993) The above current schemes agree that the three major kingdoms are separated and thereby confirmed that there are no connection between the fungi-plant kingdom.

KINGDOM

CHARACTERISTIC

EXAMPLE

Monera Protista Fungi Plants Animals

Prokaryocyte Eukaryocyte Eukaryocyte *

Bacteria Actinomyces Protozoa Fungi Plants Moss Arthropods Mammals Man

Eukaryocyte
Eukaryocyte *

Question 2
Fill in the blanks of the systematic of classification 1) Kingdom 2) Division / Phylum 3) ___________ 4) Order 5) ___________ 6) Tribe 7) ___________ 8) Species Sometimes there are subdivisions and subclasses

Hierarchical Classification Kingdom Fungi Phylum Basidiomycota Class Basidiomycetes Order Agaricales Family Agaricaceae Genus Agaricus Species: Agaricus campestris L.

Fungus versus Fungi

Fungus is used inclusively for a heterogenous group of organisms that have traditionally been studied by mycologists Fungi refers to the organisms in the Kingdom Fungi, the true fungi, also called the Eumycota

How are fungi named?

To determine the correct name for a taxon, certain steps must be followed, including:
Effective publication Valid publication
Description or diagnosis in Latin Clear indication of rank Designated type

Nomenclature
Nomenclature: the allocation (pemberian bahagian) of scientific names to the units a systematist considers to merit formal recognition. (Hawksworth et al., 1995. The Dictionary of the Fungi). The nomenclature of fungi is governed by the International Code for Botanical Nomenclature, as adopted by the International Botanical Congress.

How many species of fungi exist?

- 80,000 species of fungi described - 1,700 new species described each year

How many species of fungi exist?

- 80,000 species of fungi described

- 1,700 new species described each year

Reasons why it is not easy to classify fungi

Fungi comprise (mengandungi) of a broad number of organisms. Fungi have various forms depending on the environment and conditions in which they grow. Many terms being used to describe the morphological structures of fungi.

Basic Characteristics and Life Cycles

Ascomycota (inc.Deuteromycetes) Basidiomycota Zygomycota Mitosporic Fungi (Fungi Imperfecti)

Ascomycota sac fungi

Teleomorphic fungi Produce sexual and asexual spores Sex. asci Asex. common Cup fungi, morels, truffles Important plant parasites & saprobes Yeast - Saccharomyces Septate Most lichens

A cluster of asci with spores inside

Basidiomycota club fungi

Produce basidiospores and sometimes conidiospores Sex basidia Asex not so common Long-lived dikaryotic mycelia Rusts & smuts primitive plant parasites Septate Mushrooms, polypores, puffballs Enzymes decompose wood Mycorrhizas

SEM of basidia and spores

Zygomycota zygote fungi

Conjugation fungi Coenocytic Sex - zygosporangia Asex - common Produce sporangiospores and zygospores Hyphae have no cross walls Grow rapidly Rhizopus, Mucor (opportunistic, systemic mycoses) Mycorrhizas

Fig 31.6 Rhizopus on strawberries

True Fungi
Chytridiomycota chytrids- Classified in CMR as true fungi (because of their molecular relationships) Simple fungi Produce motile spores Mostly saprobes and parasites in aquatic habitats Could just as well be Fig 31.5 Chytridium growing on Protists
spores

True Fungi versus Slime Moulds

True fungi: - those that are hyphal - possess cell walls throughout most of their life cycle - are exclusively absorptive in their nutrition. Slime moulds: - those that do not form hyphae - lack cell walls during the phase that they obtain nutrients and grow - are capable of ingesting nutrients by phagocytosis. So they are more common to Protista although they produce fruiting bodies like fungi. - The most studied of them are the cellular slime moulds and the plasmodial slime moulds or Myxomycetes.

QUESTION
The fungus can never be classified in Plantae or Animalia? EXPLAIN WHY? (Hint ! LOOK AT ITS MOBILITY & NUTRITION)