Papandayan is a complex Stratovolcano which is found in a row of volcanoes.

It has very distinctive yellow crater walls due to coloring by sulfur. The highest part of the crater is ~6600 feet (2000 m) high and sits ~800 feet (240 m) below the crater rim. The floor of this crater contains sulfurous pools of standing water, fumaroles, solfataras, mud volcanoes and hot springs.

A river which flows across the floor of the crater begins as a clear stream in the forest but quickly becomes heated and filled with sulfuric acid as it flows across the floor. The mud volcanoes on the floor of the crater are normally 2-4 feet (0.6-1.2 m) high and explode with great force. They eject hot muddy water every 20-25 seconds.

October 2002, seismograph of Volcanological Survey of Indonesia (VSI) recorded first deep and then shallow volcanic earthquakes and tremors, indicating magma movements towards the surface. 11 November 2002, a phreatic eruption occurred on 11 November 2002 from 1942 crater, Kawah

Baru.

The material taken along, advanced into Cibeureum Gede River where it became lahar (a mixture of water-saturated ash, mud, and debris) and flood.

On 11 November 2002 The large cloud in the background consists of a modest background-level ash emission from Kawah Baru (by R. D. Hadisantono (VSI)).

Papandayan's November eruption and landslide resulted in a lahar and flood on the Cibeureum Gede river. (by Atje Purbawinata (VSI))

On 15 November, a big producing dark-thick eruption ash occured, which was ejected up to 6km high above the Kawah Baru crater. On 20 November ,another eruption from Nangklak crater produced a dark-gray ash plume reached 1.5 km above the crater and drifted north east. The eruption also produced directed blast traveled north east as far as 2km, stripping all trees growing along the inside of the horseshoe-shaped crater. This eruption was dominated by high-pressured steam and gas.

Ash explosions at Kawah Nangklak on 21 November 2002. (by Igan S.Sutawidjaja (VSI)).

On 21 November, volcanism was dominated by explosions and ash emissions of medium-high intensity. On 22 November there was a low level of continuous ash-and-gas explosions Subsequently, seismic and eruptive activity waned, although gas emission continued (ending 4 May 2003). Reduction in the activity continued through the beginning of May 2003 at which time the Volcanological Survey of Indonesia (VSI) terminated its weekly reporting on Papandayan.

Fluids geochemistry at Papandayan volcano, Universit Libre de Bruxelles. Last modification: December 08, 2006

Eruption 11 November 2002 After the eruption

http://www.planitikos.gr/2011/05/blogpost_9714.html http://thewatchers.adorraeli.com/2011/08/13/p apandayan-volcano-java-indonesia-alert-statusraised-to-level-3/ http://www.gmat.unsw.edu.au/snap/work/volca no_erupt2002.htm http://www.ulb.ac.be/sciences/dste/volcano/pap an/Papandayan.html http://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=263100&b gvn=1&rnum=region06&snum=java&wvol=papa nday&tab=1