Absorption

Members: 1. Pawanrat 2. Ramita 3. Ritthipond 4. Suphaluk 5. Suttipong

For :
Asst.Pro.Dr. Kajonsak Sopajaree

Boonon Konongnut Laitun Luangpeng Singhyakaew

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Absorption, or gas absorption used to separate gases by washing or scrubbing a gas mixture with a suitable liquid. The fundamental physical principles solubility of the absorbed gas rate of mass transfer.

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The purpose of such scrubbing operations may be any of the following gas purification (eg , removal of air pollutants from exhausts gases or contaminants from gases that will be further processed) product recovery production of solutions of gases for various purposes.

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Gas absorption is usually carried out in vertical counter current columns .The solvent is fed at the top of the absorber , whereas the gas mixture enters from the bottom .The absorbed substance is washed out by the solvent and leaves the absorber at the bottom as a liquid solution The solvent is often recovered in a subsequent stripping or desorption operation . This second step is essentially the reverse of absorption and involves counter current contacting of the liquid loaded with solute using and inert gas or water vapor .
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Characteristics of good solutions

Gas Solubility Volatility Corrosiveness Cost Viscosity

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Absorption system aqueous systems nonaqueous systems

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 The absorption process is the two-film theory This mechanism, the rate of mass transfer was shown to depend on the rate of migration of a molecule in either the gas or liquid phase.
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According to the two-film theory, for a molecule of substance A to be absorbed, it must proceed through a series of five steps. The molecule must
1. Migrate from the bulk-gas phase to the gas film 2. Diffuse through the gas film 3. Diffuse across the interface 4. Diffuse through the liquid film 5. Mix into the bulk liquid
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PACKED COLUMN

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The packed column is a shell either filled with randomly packed elements or having a regular solid structure designed to disperse the liquid and bring it Dumped-type packing elements come in a great variety of shapes and construction materials, which are intended to create a large internal surface but a small pressure drop. Structured ,or arranged packings may be made of corrugated metal or plastic sheets providing a large number of regularly arranged channels ,but a variety of other geometries exists. Packing materials may be classified as follows,
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Packing material

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Rashing rings are the most widely used form of tower packing. They are cylindrical rings, of the some length as the diameter of the cylinder and with the walls as thin as the material will permit. Rashing rings are almost always dumped into the tower at random and not stacked regularly. They offer the best combination of low weight per unit volume,free volume,free cross section and total surface of any type of packing.
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The advantages of packed columns
- include simple and,as long as the tower diameter is not too large,usually relatively cheaper construction. - preferred for corrosive gases because packing, but not plates, can be made from ceramic or plastic materials. - also used in vacuum applications because the pressure drop, especially for regularly structured packings, is usually less then through plate columns.

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Usage examples
Packed columns are used mostly in air pollution control. The water soluble ethylene gas ishydrolyzed to ethylene gylcol. Packed columns are also used in the chemical ,petrochemical,food, pharmaceutical,paper, and aerospace industries.

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TRAY COLUMN

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Tray absorbers are used in applications where tall columns are required, because tall, random-type packed towers are subject to channeling and maldistribution of the liquid streams. Plate towers can be more easily cleaned. Plates are also preferred in applications having large heat effects since cooling coils are more easily installed in plate towers and liquid can be withdrawn more easily from plates than from packings for external cooling.

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Tray columns have got some disadvantage.

- slow reaction rate processes, - higher pressure drops than packed beds - plugging and fouling may be occur

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used in a refinery dehexanizer to decrease the benzene content in the naptha feed to the process. This results in lower automobile exhaust emissions.

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STIRRED TANKS
For..

- slow liquid-phase chemical reaction - close control of the process is needed Mechanism. the gas is introduced directly into the liquid and mixed by the stirred in a stirred tank.

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Usage examples
Stirred tanks can be used in - lime slurry carbonation - paper stock chlorication - regular oil hydrogenation - fermentation broth aeration - penicilin production - citric acid production - aeration of activated sludge.
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BUBBLE COLUMN
The gas phase is dispersed into the liquid phase and it flows in the empty passages between adjacent envelopes. The liquid phase may be operated in a batch manner or it may also circulate in co-current or countercurrent manner to the gas flow.
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1.no problems for separating catalyst from the liquid 2.improved conversion and selectivity due to staging of the liquid phase 3.no scale up problems because the hydrodynamics is dictated by the size of the open channels of the catalytic structure.

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Usage Examples
Bubble columns can be used to purify nitroglycerin with water, in the chemical industry for hydrogenation, oxidation, chlorination, and alkylation, and in the biotechnological field for effluent treatmet, single-cell protein productin, animal cell culture, and antibiotic fermentation. Bubble columns can be used for radioactive elements because there are no moving parts.

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Adjustable-throat venturi scrubber with movable plate
Venturi scrubbers can be used for removing gaseous pollutants; however, they are not used when removal of gaseous pollutants is the only concern. The high inlet gas velocities in a venturi scrubber result in a very short contact time between the liquid and gas phases. This short contact time limits gas absorption. However, because venturis have a relatively open design compared to other scrubbers, they are very useful for simultaneous gaseous and particulate pollutant removal, especially when:
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Scaling could be a problem A high concentration of dust is in the inlet stream The dust is sticky or has a tendency to plug openings The gaseous contaminant is very soluble or chemically reactive with the liquid

To maximize the absorption of gases, venturis are designed to operate at a different set of conditions from those used to collect particles. The gas velocities are lower and the liquid-to-gas ratios are higher for absorption.
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For a given venturi design if the gas velocity is decreased, then the pressure drop (resistance to flow) will also decrease and vice versa. Therefore, by reducing pressure drop, the gas velocity is decreased and the corresponding residence time is increased. Liquid-to-gas ratios for these gas absorption applications are approximately 2.7 to 5.3 l/m3 (20 to 40 gal/1000 ft3). The reduction in gas velocity allows for a longer contact time between phases and better absorption. Increasing the liquid-to-gas ratio will increase the potential solubility of the pollutant in the liquid.
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Flooded elbow

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Venturi scrubbers can have the highest particle collection efficiencies (especially for very small particles) of any wet scrubbing system. They are the most widely used scrubbers because their open construction enables them to remove most particles without plugging or scaling. Venturis can also be used to absorb pollutant gases; however, they are not as efficient for this as are packed or plate towers. Venturis are also used to control fly ash and sulfur dioxide emissions from industrial and utility boilers.

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Venturi scrubbers have been designed to collect particles at very high collection efficiencies, sometimes exceeding 99%. The ability of venturis to handle large inlet volumes at high temperatures makes them very attractive to many industries; consequently, they are used to reduce particulate emissions in a number of industrial applications.
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This ability is particularly desirable for cement kiln emission reduction and for control of emissions from basic oxygen furnaces in the steel industry, where the inlet gas enters the scrubber at temperatures greater than 350 C (660 F).

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Falling film
1. With high efficiency in absorbing HCl (hydrochloric) gas, H2S, HF, SO2, NH3 gas, graphite falling film absorbers comprise of absorption liquid distributor, cooling and absorption section and Gas-Liquid separator.

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2. Absorption liquid distributor is for film forming and flow into absorption tube in cooling and absorption section. 3. On request, cooling and absorption section has two models basis of its heat transfer unit Shell and Tube and Block. Gas-Liquid separator is to separate tail gas and product.

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advantages and disadvantages
Advanges
Disadvanges
High efficiency of Restricted by pressure absorption drop Film breakup Low outlet temperature Flooding No need after-cooling Low flow resistance Easy maintenance
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SPRAY COLUMN

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Spray columns are differetal contactors. The liquid stream enters the coloumn through one or more spray nozzles at different heights in the column. The droplets formed provide a large surface area for exposure to the gas stream,with smaller droplets resulting in a greater Exchange area. The liquid and gas streams can flow counter-currently or in paralel. An optimum droplet velocity is essential because low velocity will lead to low contact or turbulence and high velocity may cause flooding.
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A mist eliminator is used to separate any liquid that is entrained into the gaseous phase. Spray columns are used to absorb SO2 from coal-fired boiler exhaust gases.

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WET SCRUBBER
remove contaminants from the gas stream by passing the stream through a packed structure which provides a large wetted surface area to induce intimate contact between the gas and the scrubbing liquor the contaminant is absorbed into or reacted with the scrubbing liquor.
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The packing fill random packing to encourage dispersion of the liquid flow without tracking, to provide maximum contact area for the 'mass transfer' interaction and to offer minimal back pressure to the gas flow. The reactivity between the contaminant and the scrubbing liquor influences the system designer's determination of gas and liquor flow and the height and diameter of the packed bed. A demister is fitted at the top of the tower to prevent entrainment of droplets of the scrubbing liquor into the extraction system or stack.
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Advantages very high efficiencies with relatively low capital and running costs.

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