MODIFIED RELEASE DOSAGE FORM

by A. S. Adebayo, PhD

Monday, August 26, 2013

Introduction

Modified release dosage forms are drug delivery systems (DDS) which, by virtue of formulation and product design, provide drug release in a modified form distinct from that of the conventional dosage forms. Drug release can either be delayed or extended in nature.
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Delayed-release products

Usually enteric coated tablets or capsules designed to pass through the stomach unaltered to release their medication within the intestinal tract.

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Extended-release products

Designed to release their medication in controlled manner, at pre-determined rate, duration and location in the body to achieve and maintain optimum therapeutic blood levels of drug.

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Rationale for extended release pharmaceuticals

Drugs that are not inherently long lasting require multiple daily dosing to achieve the desired therapeutic effects. Multiple daily dosing is often inconvenient and can result in missed doses, made-up doses and patient non-compliant with therapeutic regimen. Blood levels of drugs from conventional immediaterelease dosage forms taken more than once daily following definite schedule usually demonstrate sequential peaks and troughs (valleys) associated with each dose.
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Rationale for extended release pharmaceuticals

Extended release tablets or capsules are commonly taken only once or twice daily compared with the conventional dosing of 2 to 4 times daily

Products are designed to provide an immediate release of drug which promptly produces the desired therapy, followed by gradual and continual release of additional amounts of drug to maintain this effect over a predetermined period of time.

The need for night dosing of drugs may be eliminated

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Advantages of Extended-release Dosage Forms over Conventional Forms

Reduction in drug blood level fluctuations

Reduction in frequency of dosing

Enhanced patient compliance

Reduction in incidence of adverse side effects Reduction in overall healthcare costs.
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Terminology

The following terms have been applied to extended or sustained drug delivery systems:

Controlled-release Extended release (ER) Sustained-release (SR) Timed-release (TR) Long-acting (LA) Prolonged-action (PA), and Sustained-action (SA)
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Extended-release dosage forms

The US FDA defines ER dosage form as: one that allows a reduction in dosing frequency to that presented by a conventional dosage form such as a solution or an immediate release dosage forms.
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Delayed-release

These are dosage forms designed to release the drug at a time other than promptly after administration.
The delay may be time-based or based on the influence of environmental conditions such as g.i. pH, enzyme, pressure, etc
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Repeat action

These are dosage forms usually containing 2 single doses of medication, one for immediate and the second for delayed release e.g. bilayered tablets.

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Targeted release

Drug release that is directed towards isolating or concentrating a drug in a body region, tissue, or site for absorption or drug action

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Extended-release Oral Dosage Forms

The general properties of drugs best suited for ER product design are: They exhibit neither very slow nor very fast rates of absorption and excretion

They are uniformly absorbed from the g.i.t.

They are administered in relatively small doses. They possess a good margin of safety i.e. Therapeutic Index (TI)
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Technology of ER Dosage Forms

ER Coated Beads, Granules or Microspheres Granules of drug may be coated with lipid materials such as beeswax, carnuba wax, glyceryl monostearate, cetyl alcohol, etc.

Careful blending of coated and uncoated granules and with coatings of different thicknesses will provide drug release of desired characteristics.
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COMMERCIAL EXAMPLES

Toprol-XL (metoprolol succinate) tabs. (Astra); Indocin SR (indomethacin capsules (Merck); Compazine (prochloperazine) Spansule Capsules (SmithKline Beecham)
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Technology of ER Dosage Forms Multitablet system

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Technology of ER Dosage Forms

Embedding drug in slowly eroding or hydrophilic matrix system The design comprises of the drug substance plus excipient material that slowly erodes in body fluids thereby progressively releasing the drug for absorption

E.g. Quinidex Quinine SO4 tablets (Robins); Oramorph SR Morphine SO4 tabs. Roxane
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Technology of ER Dosage Forms: ER Microencapsulated Drug

Microencapsulation is a process by which solids, liquid and semi-solid substances may be encapsulated into microscopic size particles through the formation of thin coating of wall material around the substance.

Different rate of drug release can be obtained by changing the core to wall ratio, the type of polymer coat and the method of microencapsulation. E.g. K-Dur Microburst Release System (KCl) tabs. (Key)
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Technology of ER Dosage Forms: Osmotic pump device

This consists of a core tablet surrounded by a semi-permeable membrane coating with a 0.4 mm diameter hole produced by laser beam.
The core tablet has 2 layers, one containing the drug (the active layer) and the other containing the polymeric osmotic agent (the push layer).

E.g. Glucotrol XL (glipizide) tablets (Pfizer) Covera HS (verapamil HCl) tabs. (Searle)
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Other methods

Embedding drug in an inert plastic matrix e.g. Desoxyn (methamphetamine HCl) tabs (Abbott); Procanbid (procainamide HCl tabs. (Parke-Davis)
Complex formation Ion exchange resins
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Kinetics of Drug release

Drug release from conventional dosage forms, like the other processes of ADME, are governed by the first-order kinetics model. In First-order model, drug release is dependent on the amount of drug available for release and therefore the rate of release declines exponentially with time.
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Kinetics of Drug release

Extended release dosage forms are governed by zero-order kinetics in which the rate of release is independent of amount of drug remaining in the dosage form.
Therefore a constant amount of drug will be released over time from extended release dosage forms
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Assignments (Due Feb. 4, 2010)

Identify 3 controlled release formulation excipients, giving chemical and commercial names
What is the kinetic mechanism of drug release followed by Osmotic controlled delivery devices? Using a suitable graph, illustrate the profile that would be observed in the following scenarios:

Burst release at peal plasma level Design failure leading to Dose dumping Design failure leading to drug being withheld
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MODIFIED RELEASE DOSAGE FORM

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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